我国牛奶安全生产现状及对策

Situation and countermeasures of milk safety production in China

近15年来,我国牛奶总产量和人均占有量有两个变化阶段:2000-2007年为快速增长期,年均增幅分别达22.64%和21.97%;2008年"三聚氰胺"奶粉事件至今是缓慢增长期,年均增幅仅分别为0.72%和0.49%;目前较2000年分别增加了4.35和4.11倍,但牛奶产量只有美国的1/3、印度的1/2,人均牛奶占有量不到美国的1/10、印度的1/2。我国城乡居民人均乳品消费量均随牛奶产量和乳品进口量增加呈线性上升,年均增幅分别为5.35%和15.77%。国内牛奶产量显著影响乡村居民乳品消费,乳制品进口量对城乡居民消费均有显著作用。比较分析国内外经验与教训,我国牛奶生产体系要加快牧草种植-奶牛养殖-牛奶加工-奶品销售的纵向的系统耦合,同时加强诸多生产单位通过契约的横向的系统耦合;根据草地农业的理论,建立从水土保持到餐桌的乳品生产监管保障体系,改进以饲草种植和奶牛养殖为基础的奶业产业链的收益分配机制,发挥草地-奶牛系统的综合优势。

Milk production and occupancy per capita over the last 15 years in China can be divided into two perily increased 4.35 and 4.11 times, but is still 1/3 of the milk production in the United States and 1/2 of that in India, and milk occupancy per capita is still less than 1/10 of that in the United States and 1/2 of that in India. The per capita dairy consumption of urban and rural residents increases linearly with increase in milk yield and dairy product importance, with respective average annual increases of 5.35% and 15.77%. China＇s milk produc-tion has a significant impact on rural dairy consumption, and dairy imports have a significant effect on dairy consumption of both urban and rural residents. Through a comparative analysis of domestic and international information, it can be concluded that China＇s milk production system should speed up the grass planting-dairy production-milk processing-milk sales of the longitudinal system coupling, and strengthen the production of many units through the contract system of lateral coupling. According to the theory of four production layers of grassland agriculture, our next steps should be to establish dairy production supervision and protection, from the level of soil and water conservation to the level of consumption, to improve the income distribution mechanism of dairy industry chain based on forage grass planting and dairy cattle breeding, and to take advantage of the integrated systems of grassland and dairy cattle.