农村留守群体：问题、根源与对策

Left Behind Groups in Rural China:Problems,Causes and Resolution

摘戛城乡二元结构体制下的户籍制度及其派生的制度、政策是农村留守群体(留守儿童、老人、妇女)产生的主要原因。留守群体除了物质生活水平不高、精神或心理状况欠佳、缺乏亲情、孤独无助的特点外,还各有特点:农村留守儿童数量增多,女性留守儿童比例增大;中西部地区留守儿童比例更高;不少留守儿童由祖父母监护,缺乏管教、受教育能力有限;大部分农村留守老人没有良好的养老条件,还要承担抚养孙辈的责任;留守妇女生活、劳动负担超重,生理、心理需求得不到满足。解决留守群体的问题要从制度、社会和家庭的层面着手:变革城乡二元经济体制、深化户籍制度改革;发挥社会各层面的积极力量;建立"农村留守群体互助组织"等。

The household registration system under urban-rural dual structure and its derived systems and policies are the main reasons for the rural left behind groups, whose material life level and psychological conditions are poor. Furthermore, they have other characteristics respectively： the number of left behind children and the proportion of female left behind children in rural area increases. The proportion of left behind children in the central and western regions is higher. Many children left behind are in the custody of grandparents, lack of discipline, and educational capacity; most elderly left behind in rural areas do not have good conditions for retirement, but they still bear the responsibility of raising grandchildren; left behind women＇s labor and life burden is overweight, while their physical and psychological needs can hardly be met. To solve the problems from the left behind group system, changing dual economic system; deepening the reform there are several social and family level approaches： of the household registration system; exerting the enthusiasm of social power; establishing ＂the rural mutual aid organizations of left behind groups＂, etc.