中国民法典法人分类和非法人组织的立法构建

Legislative Structures for the Classification of Legal Persons and Unincorporated Organizations in China's Civil Code

《民法总则(草案)》采取的营利法人与非营利法人基本分类方法存在分类标准不清晰、立法体系衔接难度大、规范效果存疑、价值理念定位偏差等不足;新增"特别法人"一节在科学性、合理性及合法性上值得商榷,尤其是赋予农村集体经济组织法人地位存在明显问题。民法典中的法人分类应从法人本质出发,依据意思自治程度与方式分为公法人和私法人,私法人可分为社团法人与财团法人(或捐助法人),社团法人可以再区分为营利法人和非营利法人。《民法总则(草案)》将非法人组织作为第三类民事主体专章规定值得肯定,但在名称表述上应继续使用"其他组织"。其他组织经登记或批准均可成立,对其应采取概念加列举的方式进行定义,并在尊重现实的基础上进行类型化。

The present classification scheme of legal persons into profit legal person and nonprofit legal person by the General Principles of Civil Code（ Draft） has witnessed deficiencies in the definite classification standard,the correlattion between the General Principles and Special Civil Principles and between civil law and other branches of law,normative and policy values pursued by the law. The addition of ＂special legal person＂manifests defects in the scientificity,rationality and legitimacy. Granting the ‘rural collective economic organizations＇ the status of being a legal person is especially explicitly problematic. The classification scheme of legal persons in the Civil Code shall be directed at the specific nature of legal person,the degree and the means of party autonomy. Legal person may be clasffied into public and private legal person,with private legal person being subclassified into corporation aggregate and incorporated foundations,and the corporation aggregate subclassified into profit and notprofit legal persons. Though the unincorporated organizations in the the General Principles of Civil Code（ Draft） was separaely titled for specific regulation,the name for expressing the said unincorporated organizations may better serve its purpose by resuming the previous expression,‘the other organization＇. Any other organization may be established by either registration or ratification,the definition of which can be done by way of conceptualization and enueration,the categorization of which shall respect the social reality.