从“苗族”、“美国苗族”到“苗裔美国人”——美国苗族群体文化认同变迁

From “Hmong”,“American Hmong” to “Hmong American”:The Change of Cultural Identity among Hmong Americans

美国苗族群体在整体上认同"苗族"这一族裔身份,但在文化认同上却存在代际差异。美国苗族群体可划分为不同的代际群体,即苗1代、苗1.5代与苗2代。苗1代完全认同苗族传统文化。苗1.5代具有典型的二元文化特征,既认同苗族传统文化,同时也认同美国文化。苗2代整体偏向美国文化认同。美国苗族群体文化认同的代际差异主要受生活环境的改变、美国族群文化政策以及其自身融入主流社会的主观努力等因素的影响。苗2代作为一个整体对美国文化的偏好引起美国苗族群体内部传统文化坚守者的忧虑,他们开始做出各种努力以期改变这一趋势。

As a whole, Hmong Americans accept their ＂ Hmong＂ identity. Yet there are differences in cultural identity among different generations. Hmong Americans can be grouped into ＂Generation 1.0＂, ＂ Generation 1.5＂ and ＂ Generation 2.0＂. First-generation Hmong Americans identify with the traditional Hmong Culture completely. Generation 1.5 Hmong are bicultural ; and their identity is a combination of cultures from the traditional Hmong society and from the American mainstream. Second generation Hmong Americans prefer the American culture. Generation gap on cultural identity among Hmong Americans were influenced by various reasons, including changes in living environments, the ethnic policies of the American government, and the Hmong＇s own hard work for entering into the mainstream society, etc. Hmong Americans who stick to the traditional Hmong culture worry about Generation 2.0＇ s preference to the American culture and have begun to exert effort in hope of changing this tendency.