伊斯兰革命后伊朗妇女就业问题新论

Employment Problems among Women in Iran in the Post-Islamic Revolution Era

伊朗伊斯兰革命后,妇女的形象与行为与宗教及民族文化认同高度关联在一起。而伊朗妇女就业在革命后初期既受到了激进民族主义和宗教情绪的影响,也遭到了经济危机的沉重打击。伊朗社会一直处于动态的变化之中。虽然妇女的劳动参与程度在伊斯兰革命后初期一度大幅度减退,但是在20世纪90年代之后,伴随着城市化的进程,伊朗妇女的受教育程度和就业水平都在不断提高,特别是在服务业中出现了大量的职业女性。与此同时,不少妇女选择在非正式经济部门就业,被称为"失去的劳动"。妇女就业总体状况的改善是伊朗社会、妇女、政治三方持续互动的结果,在某种程度上体现了政府对待妇女问题的务实性、灵活性以及构建相对宽容的民族文化认同的努力。但是,妇女就业仍然存在诸多不尽如人意之处,随着伊朗国内外形势的变化,将会不断地面临机遇与挑战。

After the Islamic revolution in Iran, women＇ s image and behavior have been highly correlated with religious and ethnic cultural identity. Employment of women in Iran in the early post-revolution years was not only affected by radical nationalism and religious sentiment, but also suffered a heavy blow from the country＇ s economic crisis. However, the Iranian society has been in a dynamic change. Although Iranian women＇ s labor force participation decreased substantially in the initial stage after the Islamic Revolution, along with the process of urbanization in the 1990s, women＇ s level of education and employment has raised constantly, with many professional women emerging in the service sector especially. Meanwhile, lots of women choose to work in the informal economic sector which is called ＂the losing labor force＂. The improvement of women＇ s employment condition as a whole is the result of the interaction among society, women, and politics in Iran. To a certain extent, this reflects the government＇ s pragmatic and flexible approach to women＇ s problems as well as the effort to build a relatively tolerant national cultural identity in the society. However, there are still many disappointments in women＇ s employment. Women in Iran will constantly face both opportunities and challenges along with changes in domestic and international situations.