诠释学与现象学的汇通之路:从“意识事实”到“此在的实际性”

On the Historical Process and Its Significance of the Combination of Hermeneutics and Phenomenology: From “Fact of Consciousness”to “Facticity of Dasein”

在二十世纪德国的生命哲学和存在哲学中,曾开展出以生命和生存为根基综合诠释学和现象学的路向。确实,"生命—生存"、"意义"和"体验"之间存在内在关联,所以这种综合有其内在的合理性。然而,由于生命哲学、存在哲学、诠释学和现象学有着不同的渊源,所关心的问题和涉及的范围各不相同,所以它们之间的综合存在不同的方式或路向转换问题。诠释学有着源远流长的发展历程。它脱胎于古代圣经学、历史学、文学的研究,在近代才有哲学诠释学出现。不同的哲学基础塑造不同的哲学诠释学。其中,施莱尔马赫的建立在近代主体哲学基础上的诠释学和狄尔泰的以生命哲学为基础的诠释学在诠释学发展史上意义重大。胡塞尔是现象学的创始人,它把现象学方法视为一条通向严格科学的途径。狄尔泰为了寻找诠释的可靠基础尝试援用现象学的直观方法,但这导致先验的主体意识现象与历史中发生的生命—生存的现象之间的矛盾。狄尔泰可谓近现代第一个尝试把现象学与诠释学相结合而又发现其中困难的哲学家。虽说狄尔泰解决这一困难的方案还不能令人满意,但他为海德格尔的"实际性诠释学"(以此在为出发点的一种把现象学与诠释学相结合的途径)开了先河。海德格尔以此在为出发点,提出了"此在的实际性"并由此开辟了将现象学与诠释学相结合的新途径。

In the twentieth century＇s German philosophy there were the tendencies of combining of hermeneutics and phenomenology on the basis of life and existence. Indeed,there was an intrinsic association in life,existence,experience and meaning,so this kind of integration had its inherent rationality. However,life philosophy,existential philosophy,hermeneutics and phenomenology had different origins,and their concerns covered various subjects,so there were different ways to combine them,and it was no wonder that shift of path direction for this combination would happen. Hermeneutics has a long development process. It was generated from the study of ancient Bible,history and literature. The philosophical hermeneutics came into being in modern times. There are different philosophical hermeneutics based on different philosophical standpoints. Among them, the hermeneutics developed by Schleiermacher on the basis of the modern subject philosophy and the hermeneutics developed by Dilthey on basis of the life philosophy were significant. Husserl was the founder of phenomenology. Husserl treated the phenomenological method as a path to rigorous science. In order to find a reliable basis for the interpretation Dilthey attempted to invoke phenomenological intuitive method,but this led to the contradiction between the phenomenon as transcendental consciousness and the phenomenon as living experience occurred in historical world. It may be said that Dilthey who made the first attempt to combine hermeneutics with phenomenology. Although Dilthey ＇s approach to solve this problem is still not satisfactory,his motivation brought about Heidegger＇s new approach of hermeneutics of facticity,in which Dasein is treated as a starting point for the combination of hermeneutics and phenomenology.