教法与自由:当代欧洲的伊斯兰教挑战

Sharia and Freedom:Islamic Challenges in Contemporary Europe

在伊斯兰极端主义的恐怖袭击背后,在欧洲迅速增长的穆斯林人口和社群对欧洲价值的抵制对欧洲文明构成了巨大挑战。伊斯兰教在欧洲的快速发展是20世纪70年代以来全球性的宗教和伊斯兰教复兴的一部分,不少欧洲的二代和三代穆斯林移民产生了对某种普世性的伊斯兰教共同体(乌玛)的认同,他们很容易受到跨国的伊斯兰教激进组织的影响。伊斯兰教追求以教法全面支配穆斯林共同体,这与区分神圣和世俗的基督教文明以及以个体自由为核心的现代欧洲文明构成了尖锐的冲突。然而,欧洲的文化多元主义和人权政治却为伊斯兰教在欧洲的扩张提供了有利条件。由于民族国家的弱化削弱了政治认同,基督教的衰落导致欧洲人失去了灵性力量,欧洲人缺乏有效应对伊斯兰教挑战的政治和精神资源。欧洲可能仍然需要通过复兴民族国家和基督教来应对文明危机。

Besides the terrorist attacks by extreme Islamism in Europe,the rapidly growing Muslim population and community and their resistance to the European values are posing enormous challenges to European civilization. The quick spread of Islam in Europe is part of the global resurgence of religion and Islam in particular.Many second and third generation Muslim immigrants who have identified with a universal Islamic community(Ummah)are susceptible to the influence of the radical transnational Islamic organizations. Islam seeks the domination of Islamic Sharia over Muslims and opposes Christian civilization which has imposed separation between religious and secular spheres and modern European civilization which centers on individual freedom. Unfortunately,European cultural pluralism and human rights politics facilitate the expansion of Islam in Europe.As the weakening of nation-state undermines their political identities and the decline of Christianity diminishes their spiritual forces,the Europeans lack sufficient political and spiritual sources to confront the challenges from Islam. Europe perhaps needs to revive the nation-state and Christianity in order to deal with the crisis its civilization has been plunged in.