3Smith M.U..Scharmann L.C..Defining versus describing the nature of science:A pragmatic analysis for classroom teachers and science educators.Science Education,1999,83(4):493-509.
4R. Driver, J. Leach, R. Millar, P. Scott. Young People's Images of Science [ M ]. Buckingham: Open University Press, 1996, 18-20.
6K.P. Popper. Conjectures and Refutations[M]. Londan: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969,30.
7F. Abd - El - Khalick, N.G. Lederman, R. L. Bell, R. S. Schwartz. View of Nature of Science Questionnaire(VNOS) : Toward Valid and Meaningful Assessment of Learners' Conceptions of Nature of Science[ J]. Journal of Research in Science 'reaching. 2002, 39(6) : 497 -521.
8D. Boersema, The use of real and imaginary case in communicating the nature of science : a course outline, in : William F. Mc- Comas. The Nature of Science in Science Education [ M ]. The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1998:255 -266.
9H. Ma. Chinese secondary school science teachers' understand-ing of the nature of science emerging from their views of nature[ J]. Research in Science Education. 2009, 39 (5) : 701 - 724.