周部落联盟图腾文化人类学分析

An Analysis of Union Totems of Zhou Tribes

姬姓是中国历史上周王朝的统治者之姓,也是华夏族始祖黄帝之姓。考察姬姓周部落的图腾,对于了解周部落的源流、先周历史和华夏族形成的历史具有重要意义。关于姬姓周部落的图腾,前人提出熊、鼋、稷、蚯蚓等许多看法,这些看法都有一定道理,但是都有很大的片面性。从王朝所宣扬的周武王伐纣遇到的祥瑞看,姬姓周部落的图腾是一种红色的鸟——赤乌,也称鸑鷟。从《诗经·大雅·生民》等文献看,与姬姓周部落世代结为婚姻的氏族图腾是牛、羊、蛇、鱼等。尧舜时代,他们生活在尧都平阳(陶寺古城)一带。夏初太康失国后,周人及其婚族离开平阳,其商初住地在今陕西省太华山和英山一带。

The surname Ji is the family name of both the rulers of Zhou Dynasty in Chinese history and the ancestor of Huaxia - the Yellow Emperor. It is of great importance to inspect the tribal totems of Zhou Tribes with the surname Ji so as to get to know the origin of Zhou Tribes, the early Zhou history and the history of Huaxia formation. With respect to the tribal totems of Zhou Tribes with the surname Ji, predecessors put forward quite many views that include bears, tulles, millet and earthworms, etc. which are sort of being reasonable but one-sided. Starting from the auspicious sign met by Emperor Wu of Zhou Dynasty during his crusade, which was propagandized by the Zhou Dynasty, this paper ascertains that the tribal totem of Zhou Tribes with the surname Ji is a kind of red bird - Chiwu, also known as Yuezhuo. Judged from the document like The Book of Songs ＂Daya＇Shengmin, the tribal totem which has married link with Zhou Tribes with the surname Ji are cattle, sheep, snakes and fish. In the times of Yao and Shun, they lived in the area of Pingyang of Yao capital （ancient city of Taoshi）. After Taikang lost his country in the early Xia Dynasty, the Zhou people and their wedded families left Pingyang and lived in such areas as Taihua Mountain and Yingshan Mountain in today＇s Shaanxi Province in the early Shang Dynasty.