苏联核工业体系创建述论(1945—1953)——基于苏联解密档案的研究

On the Establishment of the Soviet Nuclear Industrial System(1945-1953) :Focusing on the Archives of the Soviet Union

1945年8月,在美国核垄断的威胁下,苏联启动核计划,开始了核工业的创建。由于原材料紧张,苏联在国内外建立了一系列铀矿和进行铀同位素分离、铀浓缩的企业,初步满足了核战略工程的需要。随后,苏联创建了817厂、813厂等大型企业,利用核反应堆生产武器级铀235和钚237,除此之外还先后建立了10个重水厂,为制造核武器奠定了重要基础。同时,苏联还创建了第11设计局、551厂等生产制造核武器的企业。这些企业都归属苏联部长会议第一总局和第二总局管辖,1953年,苏联将两个总局合并,成立中型机械部,这也标志着苏联核工业的创建工作基本完成。

In August 1945, under the threat of the United States＇ nuclear monopoly, the Soviet Union launched a nuclear program, and initiated the creation of nuclear industry. Because of the lack of raw materials, the Soviet Union established a series of uranium mines and some enterprises to separate uranium isotope and enrich uranium at home and abroad, which satisfied preliminarily the need of strategic nuclear engineering. Subsequently, the Soviet Union founded No. 817 factory, No. 813 factory and other large enterprises, produced weapons -grade u- ranium 235 and plutonium 237 making use of nuclear reactors. In addition, 10 heavy water plants had been set up, laying an important foundation for the manufacture of nuclear weapons. At the same time, the Soviet Union also created Eleventh Design Bureau, No. 551 factory and other enterprises to produce nuclear weapons. All these enterprises are belonged to the first and second general office of Council of Ministers of the USSR. In 1953, the two general offices had been combined, a medium - sized ministry of machine had been set up, which also marks the basic completion of the Soviet nuclear industry.