政治美学与马克思的人学重构

On Political Aesthetics and Marx's Reconstruction of Anthropology

柏拉图政治哲学的重大创意之一,是通过最美人性去反思"存在本身的完美性",并指出最美人性不是现实的人,而是对人的概念的彻底理解;哲学是创造人性之美的方法,即创造关于人之为人的知识的方法。柏拉图以此将政治哲学变成了政治美学。马克思把"在自由联合中全面发展的自由个性"当作人的更高存在的概念,从而把现代政治哲学重新带入对最美人性的思考,恢复并光大了柏拉图政治美学的原初问题。但马克思对人的思考采取了与柏拉图不同的路线,即不是悬搁现实的人去直接呈现人性之美的概念,而是通过对现实的人的反思性规定去超越现实性。

To reflect the perfection of being itself in virtue of the terminology of perfect humanity is one of the great creative ideas of Plato's political philosophy. In Plato's view,perfect humanity is not an actual man but rather a thorough understanding of the concept of the human being. Additionally,Plato insists that philosophy is the method of creating the perfection of humanity; that is,philosophy is a way to create the knowledge of the human being as human being. Following these ideas,Plato turns political philosophy into political aesthetics.Marx takes the free personality,fully developed in the community of free men,as the supreme concept of the human being,thus making modern political philosophy refocus on the terminology of perfect humanity. In this way,Marx renews and promotes the original problem of Plato's political philosophy. However,we should note that Marx's approach to the concept of the human being is different from Plato's. Marx does not present the concept of perfect humanity directly by fixating on the actual human being,but rather goes beyond reality by reflecting on the existence of the actual human being. On the basis of this,Marx can recreate the formal concept and transcendental principle of perfect humanity with the aid of philosophical theory.