日本明治后期的美术思想对李叔同产生的影响——以《图画修得法》(1905)为中心

On the Influence of Fine Arts Thoughts in the Late Meiji Period upon Li Shutong——Centered on “The Method for Mastering Tu Hua”

《图画修得法》是李叔同第一篇表述了他美术观点的文章。这篇文章在中国近代美术史上第一次提出了"图画"这个不同于中国传统的"画(绘)"的,具有近代意义的全新定义。虽然1905年的李叔同还只是一个留学日本的学生,但他已经开始向中国国内刚刚起步的学堂教育提供科学的教育方法。通过《图画修得法》我们还可以发现,李叔同意识到艺术不仅可以作用于人的智力、感情与意志,还可以对人类的精神乃至灵魂产生效果。在《图画修得法》中,李叔同最为关注的概念一个是"自在画",另一个是"精神法"。"自在画"是明治时期日本美术学者创造的兼容东方与西方绘画创作的新概念,它标志着一个绘画的新领域。"精神法"是明治美术理论家冈仓觉三与他的学生柿山蕃雄在融汇南朝谢赫的画六法的第一法"气韵生动"与第二法"骨法用笔"的理论后,又补充以科学的认知观点而形成的。这一画法强调的是,通过毛笔这一作画工具所独具的精神属性,来表现画家的"自我"。李叔同理解的"自在画"的"自在",绝非"自由自在",而是画家"自我之存在"。

＂The Method for Mastering Tu Hua＂（＂图画修得法＂）,which was compiled from a distinguished Japan＇s textbook entitled ＂The Method for Teaching Painting in Common Education＂（＂普通教育に於ける図画教授法＂） during the Meiji Period,was the first article about Li Shutong＇s viewof fine arts. However,some unique ideas are also included in the article. In modern china＇s art history,＂The Method for Mastering Tu Hua＂is the first to introduce＂Tu Hua＂（＂图画＂） as a modern concept of fine art which is different with Chinese traditional ＂Hua＂（＂画＂）. Although Li Shutong was only a student in Japan in1905,he introduced the scientific methods of fine arts education to Chinese newborn elementary schools. Indeed,he had a strong awareness as an educator rather than an artist. Moreover,he realized that the arts could not only exert impact on human＇s intelligence,emotion and mind,but also the spirit and soul of the man,which results in his determination of becoming an art educator. In ＂The Method for Mastering Tu Hua＂,he focused greatly on the concept of ＂Zi Zai Hua＂（＂自在画＂）,a newterritory of fine arts and created by Japanese scholars during the Meiji Period that integrated both the Eastern and Western fine arts creation. He believed that it important to keep the Chinese traditional art thoughts and techniques while learning from the Western under the influence of Meji＇s scholars. His another focus was the＂Method of Spirit＂（＂精神法＂）,created by Meji＇s fine arts scholar Kakuzo Okakura and his student Banyu Kakiyama,which was based on Xie He＇s ＂Six Methods about Painting ＂（＂画六法＂） during the period of Qi and Liang in the Southern Dynasty. The＂Method of Spirit＂combined the first method＂Qi Yun Sheng Dong＂（＂气韵生动＂） and the second method＂Gu Fa Yong Bi＂（＂骨法用笔＂）,supplemented by western scientific method. It aimed to express artist＇s self through the painting brush embedded with its own characteristics of the sprit. ＂Zi Zai＂（＂自在＂） of ＂Zi Zai Hua＂in Li Shutong＇s understanding means the existence of the artist＇s self rather than the free will.