科技革命发生了几次--学习习近平主席关于“新一轮科技革命”的论述

How Many Scientific and Technological Revolutions Have Occurred?Enlightenment from Review of President Xi Jinping's Statements About “the New Round of Scientific and Technological Revolution”

从2013年到2017年,习近平主席多次提及"新一轮科技革命"或"新科技革命",这里隐含着一个问题:"新一轮科技革命"在人类历史上属于第几次(轮)科技革命?众所周知,历史上曾经兴起过若干次科技革命,而在每次科技革命兴起的时候,都会被称为"新科技革命"。为了搞清这一轮"新科技革命"的概念,作者对历史上数次科技革命的历史进行了梳理和研究,提出"四次科技革命论":第一次科技革命:电气化与汽车时代的开始(19世纪60年代—20世纪初);第二次科技革命:原子能的利用与电子计算机的发明(20世纪40年代—20世纪70/80年代);第三次科技革命:互联网革命(20世纪70/80年代—21世纪10/20年代);第四次科技革命:信息技术、生物技术、新能源技术、新材料技术等交叉融合正在引发新一轮科技革命和产业变革。第四次科技革命正在深刻地改变着人类的生活方式,影响着国家在国际竞争中的实力和地位,同时也带来了前所未有的挑战。在未来的技术竞赛中,最成功的国家将是那些积极变革并且能够跟上技术进步的国家。

From 2013 to 2017,President Xi Jinping has continued to reiterate the'the New Round of Scientific and Technological Revolution' or 'the New Scientific and Technological Revolution'. The underlying question is which round the New Scientific and Technological Revolution belongs to. As is known to all, Scientific and Technological Revolutions have occurred many times in history. At the emergence of each revolution,it would always be called 'the New Scientific and Technological Revolution'. To have a clear idea of this new round of Scientific and Technological Revolution,this paper reviews the history of Scientific and Technological Revolutions and proposes the theory of 'four rounds of Scientific and Technological Revolutions'. The first Scientific and Technological Revolution marked the beginning of electrification and the automobile age( from the 1860's to the beginning of the 20 th century). The second Scientific and Technological Revolution referred to the use of atomic energy and invention of computers( from the 1940's to the 1970's/1980's). The third Scientific and Technological Revolution meant the internet revolution( from the 1970 's/1980 's to 2010's/2020's). The fourth Scientific and Technological Revolution comes into being because the integration of information technology,biotechnology,new energy technology and new material technology is triggering a new round of scientific and technological revolution as well as industrial transformation. This new round of Scientific and Technological Revolution is profoundly changing human being's way of life,affecting each nation's power and status in international competition and bringing along unprecedented challenges. In the future,those countries that actively support transformation and keep up with technical advances would stand out in technological competitions.