脲醛缓释肥不同配比对小麦生长及土壤氮素养分的影响

Effect of Different Proportions of Urea Formaldehyde Slow-release Nitrogen Fertilizer on Wheat Growth and Soil Nitrogen Nutrients

在黄淮海地区冬小麦中高产田采用小区试验,以普通尿素基施、普通尿素基施加追施作对比,研究脲醛氮占总氮30%,40%,50%,60%,70%的不同脲醛缓释掺混肥在田间的氮素养分释放特征,以及对土壤氮素养分、小麦产量、氮素利用率及经济效益的影响,探明合理施用脲醛缓释肥最优氮素配比,以达到增加产量、节约资源、增加经济效益的目的。结果表明:脲醛掺混肥氮素释放量在小麦生育进程中呈现高低再高低的变化过程,脲醛氮占总氮40%或50%最有利于土壤氮素供应,脲醛氮所占比例过大或过小,都不利于小麦整个生长期氮素供应。脲醛氮占总氮40%和50%的处理小麦穗数和穗粒数表现较好,每公顷比普通施肥增产11.36%~13.67%,而脲醛氮占总氮30%,60%和70%的处理增产效果不显著。与普通尿素基肥、基肥加追肥处理相比,脲醛氮占总氮40%,50%的处理氮素利用效率提高24.80%~103.87%,而脲醛氮占总氮30%,70%的氮素利用率没有显著变化,甚至会降低氮素利用率。脲醛氮占总氮40%,50%的处理比普通施肥处理增收1 350~1 591元/hm^2。综合考虑资源节约、增产效果及增收等因素,建议在黄淮海地区冬小麦中高产田施肥管理中以脲醛氮占总氮40%~50%进行配比施用。

To ascertain the optimal urea-formaldehyde slow-release nitrogen（UFN）fertilization ratio,a wheat field experiment was conducted to study the effect of UFN on soil nutrients,grain production,nitrogen-use efficiency,and economic income in Huanghuaihai Plain.UFN treatments were set as five ratios with30%,40%,50%,60%,and 70% of total nitrogen fertilizer,abbreviated as UFN30,UFN40,UFN50,UFN60,and UFN70.The results were as follows,the trends for nitrogen release during the crop growth season showed as＂raise-decline-raise-decline＂under all UFN treatments.Relative to traditional urea fertilization treatment,both UFN40 and UFN50treatments had the most favorable capacity that nitrogen was supplied to plants,which helped to maintain high nitrate,ammonium nitrogen,and alkaline nitrogen content in soils.This was beneficial to provide higher nitrogen nutrition for wheat growth.The grain yield in UFN40 and UFN50 was 11.36%—13.67% higher than that of conventional nitrogen fertilization treatment,respectively,while UFN30,UFN60,and UFN70 did not significantly change plant yield-related components.UFN40 and UFN50 increased nitrogen-use efficiency and economic income by 24.80%—103.87% and 1 350yuan—1 591 yuan per hectare,respectively.In a conclusion,urea-formaldehyde slow-release fertilizer taking as 40%—50% of total nitrogen should be recommended in wheat field.