基于GIS的产业生态学研究述评

A review of industrial ecology based on GIS

产业生态学由于缺少关于空间分析的工具,使得研究结果因缺乏空间维度信息而影响对管理效率和精准度的支持。基于GIS的产业生态学相关研究已成为产业生态学研究的一个新的方向。为总结已有的研究成果并展望未来的研究方向,运用文献计量及对比分析的手段,系统分析了国内外基于GIS的产业生态学的相关研究进展,得出以下结论:当前基于GIS的产业生态研究主要集中在物质代谢、产业共生和生命周期评价3个方面,将GIS技术引入到物质代谢研究中,可以更好的展示物质代谢的时空分布格局,为物质代谢研究提供了一种新的方法;基于GIS技术,不仅可以更加高效地挖掘潜在的产业共生机会,还可应用于生态产业园的规划管理如企业的选址、空间布局等以及废弃物的回收再利用方面;将GIS与LCA耦合在一起,可以很好地补充、完善和管理传统数据,有助于探索产品、活动或工艺的环境影响的空间特性以及进行土地利用相关的环境影响评价。另外,国内外研究的侧重点也不尽相同。在物质代谢研究中,国内研究较少,仅在城市尺度上进行了基础设施的物质代谢及其存量分析,国外在国家、城市尺度上研究了铜、锌等金属的物质代谢情况;在产业共生研究中,国内侧重于生态产业园的研究,而国外侧重于城市尺度的产业共生机会识别的研究;在LCA的研究中,国内开展了基于GIS的生命周期评价数据库和产品材料信息管理系统的研究,而国外侧重于进行区域化的生命周期评价、进行土地利用影响类型的相关评价以及污染物的追踪,国内在该方面尚处于起步阶段。国内外在研究方法上存在共性,都是基于GIS的空间分析方法、缓冲区分析方法以及数据库技术等。未来将GIS作为一个平台,面向产业转型展开产业生态学综合理论方法的研究,可以为产业的可持续性管理提供有效支持。

Because of the lack of spatial analysis tools, industrial ecology is limited in providing effective and accurate support for industrial management. By virtue of geographical information systems （GIS） technology, GIS-based industrial ecology has become a new research direction for industrial ecology. To summarize existing research and identify directions for future research, recent progress in GIS-based industrial ecology has been systematically reviewed in this paper by means of bibliometrics and comparative analysis, and the following conclusions were obtained. Substance metabolism, industrial symbiosis, and life cycle assessment （LCA） are three main aspects of GIS-based research of industrial ecology. With the introduction of GIS into the study of substance metabolism, the spatial and temporal distribution pattern of substance metabolism can be better demonstrated, providing a new method for substance metabolism. Based on GIS technology, potential industrial symbiotic opportunities could be increased, and the planning and administration of an eco-industrial park including the location, layout, and waste recycling of industries, could be optimized. Combining with GIS, LCA can help supplement, consummate, and manage the traditional data, which will be useful to explore the impacts of production and industrial activity on the environment, or to assess the influence of spatial features and land use on the environmental impact. However, the main emphasis of research undertaken locally and internationally on GIS-based industrial ecology differed. In the domestic research scenario, studies on substance metabolism are few, and these focused on the substance metabolism and inventory analysis of infrastructures at the city scale. Internationally, the research focus has been on the substance metabolism of metals such as copper, and zinc. In the case of industrial symbiosis, domestic research focuses on eco-industrial parks, while internationally, the focus is on the identification of the potential industrial symbiosis at the city scale. In case of LCA, domestic researches concentrate on the GIS-based LCA database and material information management system, while foreign researches focus on regionalization of LCA, assessing land use impact in LCA, and mapping the flows of pollutants. However, the commonality between the domestic and foreign research methods is centered on the spatial analysis, buffer analysis, and database technology. It is expected that GIS-based industrial ecology will provide effective support for industrial sustainability management.