马克思与政治美学

Marx and Political Aesthetics

近代美学把艺术之美作为美的唯一范本和美学的唯一立足点,从而成为文艺美学。文艺美学以艺术的自主性和审美经验论作为其基本信条,失落了艺术作为"可见之美对不可见之美的象征"这一原初的反思性本质,成为当代艺术危机与衰落的理论根源。未来美学的新转向是从文艺美学转向政治美学,对美的本质的理解从"感觉的完美性"转向"存在的完美性",恢复美学的理论思维和超验维度。当美学的立足点从艺术转移到政治,以"制度之美"和"人性之美"作为美学的立足点去反思存在的完美性,美学就成为政治美学。政治美学是美学的原初形式,柏拉图作为政治美学的开创者,发现了政治作为对制度之美与人性之美的创造和理解乃是一种知识,真正的政治即"最好政制"乃是一个哲学的界面,以此为政治美学奠基。马克思对资本主义现实性的批判性考察,不仅把"自由联合体中每个人的全面发展"当作改变现实世界的目标,同时更是作为对制度与人性的彻底理解和更高真理,以此将现代政治哲学重新带回到对最好制度与最美人性的创造与认知界面,从而恢复并光大了古典政治美学的原初问题和理论传统。

Early modern aesthetics took the beauty of art as the sole paradigm of beauty and the sole standpoint of aesthetics,so that aesthetics became the aesthetics of literature and art.This form of aesthetics viewed the independence of art and the theory of aesthetic experience as its basic creed,and thus lost art's original reflective character,in which'visible beauty is an image of invisible beauty.'This became the theoretical source of the crisis and decline of contemporary art.The change of direction for aesthetics is a transition from the aesthetics of literature and art to political aesthetics,a transition in the understanding of the nature of beauty from'the perfection of feeling'to'the perfection of existence,'and the restoration of the theoretical thinking and transcendent dimension of aesthetics.As the standpoint of aesthetics shifts from art to politics,and reflects upon the perfection of existence from the aesthetic standpoint of'the beauty of systems'and'the beauty of human nature,'aesthetics becomes political aesthetics.Political aesthetics was the original form of aesthetics;Plato,its initiator,found that politics,being the creation and appreciation of both of the beauty of systems and the beauty of human nature,was a kind of knowledge,and that true politics,or'the best political system'interfaced with philosophy,and was thus the very foundation of political aesthetics.Marx's critical investigation into the reality of capitalism not only took the'full development of every individual'in a free community as the objective in transforming the real world,but also saw it as providing deeper understanding and higher truths of systems and human nature.He thus brought modern political philosophy back to the interface of creation and cognition of the best system and the most beautiful human nature,there by restoring and carrying forward the original issues and theoretical tradition of classical political aesthetics.