制度视角的创业过程模型——基于扎根理论的多案例研究

Entrepreneurial Process Model Based on Institutional Perspective:A Multiple Cases Study with Grounded Theory Approach

创业过程具有情境依赖性,发达国家情境中发展的创业理论过于强调创业行为的经济意义,忽略其更为广泛的社会意义,使创业理论迟迟得不到发展。改革开放为创业者提供一个机会和约束并存的环境,独特的情境为发展创业理论提供良好的机会和依托。基于制度视角和扎根理论的分析方法,本研究通过多案例归纳本土创业过程模型,该过程的核心是"创业者-机会-制度环境"之间的互动关系,具体包括内外两个机制:(1)内在机制围绕"制度约束-创业者-机会"之间的逻辑关系展开,即创业行为以制度约束为起点,经历"畏-反思学习-效果推理"的心理过程,最终创造机会;(2)外在机制围绕"新创企业-制度演化-机会持续发展"之间的逻辑关系展开,即新创企业的制度创业策略影响制度演化并反过来为机会持续开发提供支持。研究归纳中国创业过程模式,将创业过程分为内外两个过程机制,进而揭示创业行为逐渐被淡化的社会和制度意义,对创业过程、创业认知、制度创业等领域的研究具有启示意义,并为创业者的策略选择提供实践指导。

Entrepreneurial process strongly relies on context, previous research in developed countries over-emphasizes on its economic impact, but ignores its social and institutional impact, which leads to slow development of entrepreneurship theory. En- trepreneurs in transitioning China confront a typical environment that provides both opportunity and constraint for them. This special context offers practical basic and new oppbrtunities to deepen our understanding of entrepreneurial process. Based on the grounded theory approach, this study investigates the entrepreneurial process of 8 represented entrepreneurs in the era of reform and opening-up （e. g. Jack Ma and his Alibaba, Pen Zhengfei and his Huawei）, soas to generalize a local entrepreneurial process model of this transi- tioning period. With multiple cases study, this article finds out that the interaction among entrepreneurs, opportunity and institutional environment is the core of the process. To be specific, entrepreneur- ial process in transitioning China includes two mechanisms, that is, the inner and outer mechanism. The inner mechanism is based on the relation among institutional constraint, entrepreneur and oppor- tunity, that is, institutional constraint forces nascent entrepreneur to start a business, and then he/she undergoes a psychological process with entrepreneurial angst, reflective learning and effectuation, and finally creates business opportunity. The outer mechanism is based on the relation among new venture, institutional evolution and opportunity development, that is, new venture changes its insti- tutional environment with institutional entrepreneurship strategies, and in return, the evolution of the institutional environment has a significant impact on the sustainable development of the opportu- nity. This current study constructs a local entrepreneurial process model, which includes both inner and outer mechanisms. It reveals the social and institutional feature of entrepreneurial behavior, which is fading and forgotten gradually in modern society. Result of the study enriches entrepreneurship research, especially for en- trepreneurial process, entrepreneurial cognition and institutional entrepreneurship. Finding of the study also provides implication for entrepreneurs.