“成礼三驱”:汉唐时期“三驱”礼衍变述论--以蒐狩礼的建设为线索

Textual Research on the Transformation of the Rite of San Qu during the Han and Tang Dynasties

西周蒐狩礼包括"阅兵之制"、"田猎之仪",《周易》"三驱"为阅兵之制的一部分。汉唐时期,在蒐狩礼重建过程中,"三驱"随之发生变易:战国时,礼坏乐崩,蒐狩礼不为诸侯所重;两汉时,蒐狩礼分裂,田猎仅限冬季,讲武礼独立于蒐狩而为专门的练兵礼,三驱是田猎礼一部分;魏晋袭承汉制,其蒐礼多限练兵、阅兵,并断续无常,狩猎则为满足奢侈生活之需的不合礼仪之举;南北朝时期,讲武礼复兴,蒐狩礼形式上承继西周模式,但程序和某些环节有所变化;隋朝冬狩礼因仍传统,并在北齐正式移"三驱"入田狩基础上,明确载明"三驱"为三次驱禽;唐朝将蒐狩礼截分为讲武、狩田两独立礼仪,田狩多取于隋,讲武则为综合西周、北齐、隋朝礼制的结晶,"三驱"各存于讲武、田狩礼,并衍变出"田猎之仪"的"三度驱禽而射之"等多意,三驱性质也由早初的"教人战"而渐变为彰显天子"仁德"的载体。

The sou shou ritual in the Western Zhou contained the military review ritual （ 阅兵之制 ） and the rite of hunting（ 田猎之仪）, and the rite of san qu （lit, driving on three sides or three times） in the Zhou yi was a part of the military review ritual. However, san qu had been changed in the pro- cess of its reconstruction in the Han and Tang Dynasties. In the Warring States period, due to the col- lapse of ritual system, the dukes neglected the sou shou ritual. In the Han Dynasty, the sou shou ritual splitted into the military rite （讲武）and the hunting, the former was a ritual of technical military train- ing, and san qu was a part of the latter only held in the winter. Inheriting from the Han Dynasty, the sou shun ritual was intermittent and uncertain, which was only limited to parade and troop training, and the hunting became an improper conduct to meet the emperor＇ s luxurious life in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. In the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the military rites revived, although the sou shou ritual inherit- ed the mode of the Western Zhou formally, the procedure and steps had some changes. With the founda- tion that san qu was naturalized into the rite of hunting formally in the Northern Qi Dynasty, the hunt- ing in winter of the Sui Dynasty obeyed the tradition and san qu was related to driving and preying for three times which was recorded clearly in ancient books. In the Tang dynasty, the sou shou ritual was di- vided into two independent rites called the military rite and the rite of hunting.The rite of hunting origi- nated mostly from the Sui Dynasty, and the military rite was an etiquette mixture of the ritual system of the Southern Zhou, the Northern Qi and Sui Dynasties. The rite of san qu existed in both of them, and its meanings developed into driving and preying for three times of the rite of hunting, etc. The proper- ties of san qu gradually changed from teaching people how to combat to the rite showing the benevo- lence of the emperor.