论执行程序中的抵销

The Set-off in the Enforcement Procedure

《执行异议和复议规定》第十九条对执行程序中允许抵销的情形进行了严格限制,违背了实体法上抵销制度的基本原理,有违当事人权利保障之平等性。在执行程序中,抵销权的行使不以主动债权须经过裁判确定为前提,亦不以相对方的认可或同意为条件。但执行程序中的抵销不能直接排除执行依据的执行力和债权人的强制执行请求权,合理的救济程序是设立债务人异议之诉制度,且前诉判决之既判力对执行程序中抵销权之行使不具有遮断效。在现行制度下,被执行人只能通过另诉方式主张抵销债权,但在程序机制的处理上,有必要使该诉讼与实体法上的抵销制度以及中止执行制度结合起来,以便保障被执行人的合法权益。

Article 19 of ＂Provisions on Enforcement Objection and Reconsideration ＂ provides a strict restriction to circumstances under which set-off is allowed in the enforcement procedure. Such restriction goes against the fundamental principles of system of set-off on substantive laws and violates the equality of protections to parties＇ rights.In the enforcement procedure,exercising the right of set-off is premised on neither a judgment to initiative creditor＇s rights,nor the other party＇s approval or consent.Nonetheless,the set-off in the enforcement procedure cannot directly exclude the enforcement power of a writ of execution and the creditor＇s right to apply for compulsory enforcement.A reasonable remedy procedure shall be that establishing the system of debtor＇s objection lawsuit and the res judicata of previous judgment shall have no interdict effect on the exercise of the right of set-off in the enforcement procedure. Although under the current system,filing another lawsuit is the only way that the person subjected to enforcement can claim for a set-off,when handling the procedure mechanism,it is necessary to combine this lawsuit with the system of set-off on substantive laws as well as the system of suspension of enforcement so as to protect the legitimate rights of the person subjected to enforcement.