宋朝皇帝与朝臣的信息博弈——围绕入内内侍省与进奏院传递诏奏之考察

The Information Game between the Emperor and Courtiers:An Inspection of the Delivery of Memorials of the Runei Neishi Sheng and the Jinzou Yuan

两宋时期,以承传诏奏形式沟通中央与地方联系的渠道有二:一是制度规定的进奏院、通进司系统;二是非制度规定的入内内侍省系统。两条渠道呈现不断交错、此强彼弱之状态。元丰改制后,入内内侍省成为皇帝掌控机要诏奏传递,并进而绕开外廷臣僚独断朝政的重要依靠;而进奏院的作用却时隐时现。进奏院与入内内侍省在承传机要文字中的交错与张力,是宋朝皇帝与朝臣信息博弈的重要表现。而皇帝先后对进奏院之掌控和对入内内侍省之利用,亦显示出君主独裁政治的特征,这一特征又在士大夫的抵制与抗争下,起起伏伏,展现出有宋一代生动的政治形态。同时,在唐代皇帝周围形成的内外诸司所发挥的功能及形成的政治特点,在宋代仍然较为突出。从入内内侍省、内东门司、御药院、閤门、四方馆、客省等禁中机构群的监领机制及其在日常行政中的作用来看,有宋一代内朝的影子似乎亦隐约可见。

During the Song dynasty,there were two channels of communication for memorials between the central and local authorities:one was the Jinzou Yuan(the memorials office)and Tongjin Si(the Tongjin secretary’s office);the other was the unofficial channel of Runei Neishi Sheng(the palace domestic service).The two channels were constantly competing for influence,and took turns to gain the upper hand.After the Yuanfeng Reorganization,the Runei Neishi Sheng became an important prop enabling the emperor to control the delivery of classified memorials and imperial edicts and thus stop the courtiers from deciding affairs of the state.But the role of the Jinzou Yuan was not stable.The tension and overlap between the roles of the Jinzou Yuan and the Runei Neishi Sheng in delivering classified documents is an important manifestation of the information game the Song emperors played with the courtiers.The emperors’control of the Jinzou Yuan and their use of the Runei Neishi Sheng shows the marks of dictatorship;the ups and downs of scholar-officials’resistance and struggle is a feature that shows the lively political forms of the Song dynasty.At the same time,the functions of the internal and external ministries that surrounded the Tang emperors,as well as the political features that accompanied them,were still at work in the Song dynasty.From the mechanisms of the monitoring system of the ministries in the imperial palace,including the Runei Neishi Sheng,Nei Dongmen Si(the inner department at the east gate),Yu Yaoyuan(the imperial pharmacy),Gemen(the cabinet office),Sifang Guan(office of foreign affairs),and the Kesheng(office of rituals concerning foreign affairs),and their functions in daily administration,it seems that in the Song dynasty,there existed an'inner court.'