西欧工业化的中世纪起源

The Origins of Industrialization in Medieval Western Europe

西欧工业化研究不仅要研究工业化是如何完成的,还要关注工业化是如何起源与成长的。西欧工业化起源和成长的研究不仅有助于完整地还原和解释其历史过程,还能全面认识西欧工业化的转变特征与发展规律。西欧工业化起源于中世纪中期以来城乡工匠为市场而进行的生产活动。随着市场的扩大,工业走上技术和生产组织变革的工业化道路。中世纪中期以来以地方市场销售为目的的城乡个体工匠劳动获得前所未有的普及,磨面、呢布漂洗和金属冶炼等工业行业或工序不同程度地实现了机械化,以家内制毛纺织业为主的农村工业异军突起,这三个方面构成中世纪中晚期西欧工业化起源的主要内容,并一直盛行到工业革命。中世纪中晚期工业化的起源,与早期现代工业化的成长和晚期现代工业化的完成,都是西欧工业化过程必不可少的组成部分,也是西欧工业化研究的应有之义。

Research on industrialization in Western Europe should focus not only on how it was perfected,but also on its origins and development.This helps to restore and interpret the historical process concerned and enables us to fully understand the characteristics of this transformation and the laws of its development.The industrialization of Western Europe originated in the market-oriented production activities of urban and rural craftsmen in the middle period of the Middle Ages.With the expansion of the market,industry embarked on the road to industrialization through technology and the evolution of production organization.Thereafter,the production activities of individual urban and rural craftsman for local sales and markets attained unprecedented coverage.Milling,cloth rinsing,metallurgy and other industrial sectors became mechanized to different degrees,and rural industry based on domestic spinning and weaving suddenly appeared on the scene.These three areas constituted the main contents of the origins of industrialization in Western Europe in the mid-and late Middle Ages and prevailed until the Industrial Revolution.The origins of late medieval industrialization,the growth of early modern industrialization and the completion of late modern industrialization are essential parts of the process of industrialization in Western Europe and are important elements of research on this subject.