简牍所见战国时期秦国官农具的管理

The Management of Official Farm Tools in Bamboo Slips about Qin during Warring States Period

战国时期秦国政府拥有数量众多的官农具,但传世文献中关于其管理的记录却极少。简牍资料显示秦政府的官农具由内史派遣都官协同县廷进行统筹管理,这些农具由工室生产,在公田上被徒隶等人使用之时由司空主管,在私田上被百姓使用之时则由田啬夫负责;官农具在使用完毕之后要归入库中保管储藏,少内和大内则负责对破败腐朽者进行回收变卖。秦政府对官农具有着严格的监管措施和配套保障,使其在促进农业发展的同时又保证了对先进农具的掌控。

The Qin government has a large number of official farm tools during the Warring States Period, but there are few records about their management in traditional literature. The data in bamboo slips shows that these tools are grasped by the county heads and commissioners who are sent by neishi（内史）. They are made by gongshi（工室）. Sikong（司空） is the person in charge when these tools are used on the public land by criminals and slaves and tiansefu （田啬夫） is the principal when these tools are used on the private land by farmers. The official farm tools are stored in the warehouse after using and finally recycling sold by danei （大内） and shaonei （少内）when they are ruined. The Qin government implements a strict inspection measures and supporting security to official farm tools. On the one hand, it promotes the development of agriculture; on the other hand, it makes sure that the government controls over the advanced tools firmly.