天津滨海国际机场鸟类群落结构及多样性特征

Bird community structure and diversity at Tianjin Binhai International Airport

于2015年3月—2016年2月,采用固定半径样点法和样带法,对天津滨海国际机场飞行区内的鸟类群落结构及多样性特征进行了调查。结果表明:天津滨海国际机场分布鸟类12目31科52种,其中留鸟7种(13.46%),夏候鸟17种(32.69%),冬候鸟5种(9.62%),旅鸟23种(44.23%);广性分布鸟类8种,优势种6种;综合鸟类的飞行高度、体重、数量、遇见频率及生境利用率等因素对飞机飞行安全的影响,对鸟类危险等级进行了评估,严重危险鸟类有红隼(Falco tinnunculus)、喜鹊(Pica pica)和麻雀(Passer montanus)3种;秋季鸟类多样性指数最高,春季优势度最高,湿地苇丛的多样性指数和均匀度指数最高,场内建筑区的优势度指数最高,机场围界区与场内建筑区的鸟类群落相似度最高。通过对不同季节、不同生境鸟类多样性的对比分析,搞清机场飞行区内被鸟类利用的生境特征及鸟类分布与活动规律,进而为机场开展鸟撞防范工作提供依据。

From March 2015 to February 2016,the community structure and diversity of birds at Tianjin Binhai International Airport were investigated by using a fixed radius point count method and line transect method. The results showed that 52 bird species were recorded at Tianjin Binhai International Airport,belonging to 31 families and 12 orders. They included 7 resident species（ 13.46%）,17 summer migrant species（ 32.69%）,5 winter migrant species（ 9.62%） and 23 passing migrant species（ 44.23%）. Among these species,8 species were widely distributed,6species were dominant. Based on the effects of flying height,the weight and quantity of birds,the frequency of occurrences and habitat utilization on flight safety,risk levels of birds were evaluated,and the results indicated that there were 3 serious threat species,Falco tinnunculus,Pica pica,and Passer montanus. We also found that the diversity index was the highest in autumn,and the dominance index was the highest in spring. The diversity index and evenness index were both highest in the wetland reed habitat,the dominance index was the highest in the building area,and the similarity of bird communities was the highest between communities from the airport enclosure and airport building areas. In this study,we compared bird diversity in different seasons and in different habitats,and explored habitat characteristics associated with different bird species in the flight zone,and bird distribution and activity patterns,thereby providing a basis for avoidance of bird strike at the airport.