中外收缩城市动因机制及表现特征比较研究

A Comparative Study on the Motivation Mechanism and Performance Characteristics of Chinese and Foreign Shrinking Cities

收缩城市最早出现在欧美国家,中国在经历快速城镇化发展后,部分地区也开始出现收缩,但中外收缩城市具有明显的差异性。本文从收缩城市的复杂属性出发,提取动因机制及表现特征为主要研究要素,对中外收缩城市进行比较研究。研究发现:(1)在动因机制方面,去工业化是引发早期西方城市收缩的核心因素,区域性去工业化引起山西等地区城市收缩;全球化引发西方单一产业地区收缩,在中国表现为资本向沿海地区集聚,区域发展不平衡导致人口迁移;郊区化导致美国等西方国家中心城市及地区人口流失、内城收缩,在广义郊区化进程下中国的城市中心与郊区中心共同发展;(2)在表现特征方面,国外收缩城市普遍为中度收缩,处于收缩后期,中国普遍为低度收缩,处于收缩初期;国外房屋空置体现"真实"收缩,中国房屋空置在村镇层面体现"真实"收缩,大中城市出现"虚假"收缩;国外收缩集中在区域中心地区及城市,空间分布呈"中心空洞,边缘丰满",空间规模呈"人口流失—空间收缩",中国收缩集中在区域村、镇等边缘地区及县级市,空间分布呈"中心丰满,边缘空洞",空间规模呈"人口流失—空间扩张"。

Shrinking cities first appeared in Europe and the United States. After experiencing rapid urbanization in China, some areas also have begun to shrink. But the Chinese and foreign shrinking cities have obvious differences. In this paper, we start from the complex property of shrinking cities. The main research factors are extracted from the motivation mechanism and the performance characteristics of shrinking cities. The results show： （1） In terms of motivation mechanism： Deindustrialization is the key factor to lead the shrinkage of early western cities, regional deindustrialization caused the shrinkage of cities in Shanxi and other regions in China; Globalization has led to the shrinkage of foreign single industrial cities, but the capital is concentrated to the coastal areas, and regional development imbalance leads to population migration in China; Suburbanization leads to the loss of population of the center city in the United States and other western countries, but Chinese urban centers and suburban centers have common development in the process of generalized suburbanization. （2） In terms of performance characteristics ： The foreign shrinking cities are generally moderate shrinkage and in the late period of shrinkage, but the Chinese shrinking cities are generally low shrinkage and in the early stage of shrinkage; Foreign housing vacancy reflects the ＂real＂ shrinkage, Chinese housing vacancy in the villages and towns reflects the ＂real＂ shrinkage but ＂False＂ shrinkage in large and medium cities; Shrinking cities are concentrated in the foreign regional central region and city, the spatial distribution is ＂Center hole, Edge fullness＂ and the spatial scale is ＂Population loss-Spatial shrinkage＂. Shrinking cities are concentrated in the Chinese regional village, town and other marginal areas and county-level cities, the spatial distribution is ＂Center fullness, Edge hole＂ and the spatial scale is ＂Population loss - Spatial expansion＂.