论汉晋道教“静室”的性质和来源

The Nature and Source of the Taoist Calm Room in the Han and Jin Dynasties

早期道教"静室"是一种非常重要的宗教性建筑设施,也是道教徒日常宗教生活的神圣空间,对道教仪式近2000年来的发展演变影响极为广泛和深远。日本道教学者吉川忠夫最早提出"静室"发源于西汉时期具有"请罪"性质的"请室",后来则成为道教徒向神灵祈祷、忏悔以及实修某种道术的宗教性建筑物。本文认为道教"静室"并非渊源于西汉具有监狱性质的"请室",而是由先秦至两汉儒家祭祀礼制中的"斋宫"、"斋室"和"静室"等发展而来的。二者之间最主要的相通之处,就是它们都是特定的专门进行斋戒活动的场所。而儒家祭祀斋戒制度所具有的人神交通性质以及相关斋戒规范等,都直接影响了汉晋天师道以及其他道派斋戒制度的形成。自汉代以后,由于儒家祭祀斋戒制度已被道教和汉传佛教所吸收借鉴,因而在相当长的历史时期内,"静室"在儒道释三教中都普遍存在。而弄清早期道教"静室"的性质和来源,对于探讨道教斋戒仪式的起源和发展演变具有重要意义。

In early Taoism, calm room is a kind of very important religious building facility, and also the sacred space of daily religious life for Taoists, which had an extensive and profound effect on the development and evolution of the Taoist rituals. Yoshikawa Tadao, the Taoist scholar from Japan, first put forward the viewpoint that the calm room originated from the request-instruction room which had the nature of confessing in the western Han dynasty, and later it become the religious construction where the Taoists prayed, confessed to deities, and practiced some kind of Taoist arts. This paper doesn't consider that the source of the Taoist calm room was the request-instruction which had been used as prison in the western Han dynasty, but was developed by the dining hall, the dining room and the calm room in the Confucian sacrifice system before the Qin dynasty until the Han period. The uppermost similarity between them is that they were the specific places where people exclusively held the fast activities. In addition, the peculiarity of God-man communication and relevant rules in Confucian sacrifice and fast system had directly affected the formation of the fast system in the way of the Heavenly Master and other factions of the Tao from the Han dynasty until the Jin dynasty. After the Han dynasty, the Confucian sacrifice and fast system had been absorbed into Taoism and Chinese Buddhism. As a result, the calm room was widespread in Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in a considerably long historical period. If we want to discuss the origin and development of the fast rituals of Taoism, it is of significance to find out the nature and source of the early Taoist calm room.