明清时期澳门葡萄牙军事及警察制度考述

The Study of Portugal Military and Police System in Macao during the Ming and Qing Dynasties

本文从浩瀚的葡文、英文及中文史料中,重构了明清澳门葡萄牙军事及警察制度的产生、沿革和制度运作情形的史实。巡航首领所负责的军事事务是澳门军事制度的前身。1622年,英荷联合舰队进犯澳门后,澳门首任总督马士加路也率士兵抵达澳门,并在澳门修建炮台、碉堡和城墙,招募士兵,组建了一支200人的步兵连,之后大致都保持一个连队的建制。17世纪下半叶至18世纪,由于葡澳社会的衰落,历经几次军事改革仍难以改变其贫弱交加的局面。为了加强澳门的殖民管治,葡萄牙女王1783年颁布《王室制诰》,加强了总督的权力,并设立了第一个营建制的军队。19世纪,先后建立了摄政王炮兵营、澳门炮兵营、国民营、步兵营等建制,还成立了军人医院和军事监狱。澳门警察源自于议事会下辖的一支城市卫队,这些警事力量都归治安官管理。随着澳门城市近代化的发展,警察才逐渐正式成为城市政府下设的一个部门,实现警察行政制度化及近代化。

In this paper,I try to expound the formation,evolution,and operation of Portugal military and police system in Macao during the Ming and Qing Dynasties on the basis of the vast Portuguese,Chinese and English historical documents.In 1622,the anglo-dutch combined fleet invaded Macao.After the narrow victory,the first governor of Macao arrived in Macao with his soldiers.The governor built battery bunker and wall,what is more,formed an infantry company of two hundred soldiers.Since then,Macao has remained a company roughly.In the second half of the 17th century to the 18th century,due to the decline of the Macao Portuguese society,Portugal military power was very weak.In order to strengthen the cloned character,they setd up the first battalion of troops in 1783.In the 19th century,they has established the regent artillery battalion,Macao artillery battalion,national battalion,infantry battalion successively,and also established the military hospital and prison.The origin of the Macao police is a city guard which belongs to the Council.With the development of the modernization of Macao city,the police has become a department which belongs to the government of city,and realized administrative institutionalization and modernization eventually.