施米特思想中的主权、委任独裁与主权独裁

Schmitt on Sovereign,Commissarial Dictatorship and Sovereign Dictatorship

在施米特的理论中,独裁被分为两种类型。其一是在合宪架构下的"委任独裁";其二是在宪法架构之外的"主权独裁",目的是在革命时期由制宪的团体掌握国家权力,制定出宪法并使之生效。施米特对于两种独裁概念的区分,试图有意识地和主权独裁以及马克思主义的专政理解保持距离。借此,他一方面试图从法学上解释总统超越法律常态的紧急权限之必要性;另一方面,则是针对当时的革命性政治立场和其可能造成的主权独裁提出警告。

In Schmitt’s theory,the concept of dictatorship is differentiated into two types.One is the'commissioners’dictatorship,'which is an institution within the constitutional order;the other is'sovereign dictatorship,'which is,on the contrary,apart from the constitution,and refers to the state powers that groups involved in the designing of a new constitution or revolutionary parties hold during the revolutionary period before a new constitution is established.Although Schmitt affirms the necessity of extraordinary presidential powers to be exercised in an emergency,he also warns the danger of the communist revolutionary political standing and argues that the revolutionary proposals of the Weimar communists in parliament should be rejected as long as the Weimar Constitution remained in effect,since to allow them to do so will negate any difference with the revolutionary period.