牛河梁遗址红山文化三大玉器系统功能浅析

A Simple Analysis on the Three Jade Articles of Hongshan Culture in Niuheling Ruins

玉器是红山文化重要的核心元素之一,牛河梁遗址红山文化玉器从器型上可分为三大系统:第一,功能类玉器,主要包括镯、环、璧、管、筒、珠、棒、三孔器、章等等;第二,动物类玉器,包括龙、兽、鸟、龟、鳖、蚕、蝈蝈、蝗虫、贝等。第三,生殖类玉器,包括玉祖和玉贝两种。红山文化三大系统玉器有着不同的功能。功能类玉器当是死去的巫覡沟通天的工具;而动物类玉器当是巫覡媚神的法器。镯、环、璧、管、筒、珠等玉器各自有不同的通天功能;各种动物类玉器体现了对动物神的敬畏和崇拜;生殖类玉器是巫覡祭祖的祭祀之物。通天、媚神、祭祖是牛河梁玉器系统的三大功能,它反应了红山文化是以通天、媚神、祭祖为根本属性的神本社会。

Jade articles are the key elements of Hongshan culture. From the perspective of shapes, the jade articles in Niuheliang ruins can be divided into three systems： functional jade articles, animal jade articles and reproduction jade articles. The three systems of jade articles have different functions respec- tively in the ancient time. Functional jade articles should have been used as the communication tools between the dead wizards or witches and the god. Animal jade articles should have been the magic tools used by the wizards and witches to worship the god. Reproduction jade articles should have been used by the wizards and witches to sacrifice their ancestors. These three functions of the jade articles reflect that Hongshan culture was a god oriented society.