理想与现实的断层:从颜回好学乐道窥视儒家成仁理想与现实的关系

The fault of ideal and reality: A Study of the Relationship between Confucian Ideal and Reality from the Curiousness of YenHui

孔子之仁作为主体道德修为的至高境界是超越性终极关怀,无关外在因素,只需主体具备"我欲仁"及"为仁由己"自由意志,实现仁之境界在己不在人。然而,儒家主张学以致道,人作为承载与实现仁的主体却是无法脱离诸多具体条件的现实存在者,主体在求学问道成仁的修德过程中,感官欲求、问学思辨、情感流露等使主体在很大程度上成为被决定者。因此,主体为学求仁的条件性满足与仁之境界实现的无条件性存在内在张力。颜回安贫乐道的贤德之举让身处道之不行的孔子深感志同道合的慰藉与死守善道的决心。儒家仁道理想既高且远,孔颜师徒穷且益坚,即使时运不济,仍旧不降其志。颜回好学乐道却早殇的个人命运以及儒家仁道世之难容的现实困境与仁学价值完满性的理想预设存在断层,且实难跨越。

Confucius benevolence, the main moral cultivation, is the ultimate realm of transcendent ultimate concern, which is inde- pendent from external factors. Only if the subject has the free will, like ＂the will of benevolence＂ and＂ the benevolence depending from his own＂, he can realize the realm of benevolence on his own. However, Confucian advocated that the aim of learning is to realize Tao, as the subject of carrying and realizing benevolence, human being can not be separated from the reality of many specific conditions, the subject is in the process of seeking virtue and knowledge, sensual desire, inquiry, speculation, emotional disclosure, etc. To make the subject to a large extent to be decided, therefore,the subject for the study to meet the benevolence and the realization of the realm of the unconditional exists intrinsic tension. Yen Hui＇ s willing to suffer poverty and unwilling to leave the right track, so Confucius has deep- ly will and sticks to the good road determination. The benevolence of Confucian ideal is high and far. Confucius - Yanhui sandfast is more firm when poor, even if he has the bad luck, still do not change his ambition. Yen Hui learnt the Tao but ignored death. The real- ity of the tough tolerance of Confucian benevolence, and the perfect presupposition of the perfect value of the benevolence＇ s existence is faulty and difficult to cross.