逻辑的计算进路——从莱布尼茨到图灵的逻辑发展

Computational Perspective of Logic: From Leibniz to Turing's Logical Development

现代逻辑肇始于莱布尼茨,在布尔和弗雷格处发生了分流,形成了所谓的逻辑的代数传统和逻辑的语言传统,然而,无论是代数传统亦或者是语言传统都与莱布尼茨的逻辑学纲领(即:"作为科学、数学和哲学"的基础)相去甚远。在图灵机理论中,图灵核心阐述了"自动机"和"指令表语言"这两个概念,这两者很好地契合了莱布尼茨关于"理性演算"和"普遍语言"的构想,可以说,图灵机理论最为接近莱布尼茨的逻辑学纲领,也跳出代数传统和语言传统,另辟蹊径,形成了一种新的"作为计算的逻辑"传统(也可以称为"计算传统")。"作为计算的逻辑"实质上是一种"主体转向","以往的逻辑"是当仁不让地以人类为主体,研究的对象是人的思维、自然语言种种,"作为计算的逻辑"则是将计算机作为信息处理的主体,研究的是计算机的处理方式以及人与计算机的互动关系。

Modern logic originated in Leibniz, Boole and Frege respectively developed the so -called logical algebraic traditions of logic and language tra- dition of logic, however, both algebraic traditions and language traditions are a far cry from Leibniz＇ s Logic Program, that is ＂ logic as the basis of sci- ence, mathematics and philosophy, ＂. In the theory of Turing machine, the core elaborated the two concepts of ＂automata＂ and ＂ instruction table lan- guage＂, which fit well with Leibnizb idea of ＂rational calculus＂ and ＂universal language＂. We argued that the theory of Turing machine was the closest to Leibniz＇s Logic Program, which was out of the algebraic tradition and language tradition, and formed a new tradition, that is ＂computational perspective of logic＂ （ also known as ＂computation tradition＂ ）. ＂computational perspective of logic＂ is essentially a ＂subject - shift＂ , other views were human - be- ings - oriented, the object of study is human thinking, natural language, ＂computational perspective of logic＂ located computer as subject of information processing, object of the research is the computer＇s processing methods and the interaction between people and computers.