论明清屯田的私有化历程

A Study of the Privatization of Military Land in Ming and Qing Dynasties

明清两代卫所屯田的所有权形态,以雍正五年(1727)至七年的屯田私有化政策为界,之前完全为国有制,之后转以私有制为主。在屯田国有制时期,以宣德十年(1435)至正统二年(1437)"诏免正粮上仓"为界,屯田经营方式可区分为领种制和租佃制两个阶段。在租佃制时期,屯军逐渐拥有屯田的永佃权、田面权,分割、削弱了国家的屯田所有权,对屯田走向私有化起到关键作用。雍正年间,清廷颁布屯田私有化政策,起初试图采用"赎买私有化"的办法,结果遭到各省官民抵制,不得不改为"无偿私有化"。该方案在清代归并州县的卫所屯田中切实推行,只有尚未裁撤的漕运卫所、新建卫所屯田仍然保持国有制属性,禁止买卖。福建省的屯田契约文书展示了屯田交易实态的变迁。

The proprietorship of military land in Ming and Qing Dynasties went through a transformation from state ownership to private ownership. During the state-ownership period, military lands were first distributed, and then leased to military families after 1435. The military families gradually gained permanent tenancy rights, and weakened the state＇s proprietary of military lands. In 1727, the Qing Government declared to admit the privatization of military lands. They at first attempted to have tenants buying out the military lands, but had to give up after several provinces＇ officials expressed their opposition. As a result, military lands were privatized free of charge. The land contracts in Fujian Province also reflected the change of transaction modes of military lands.