播期对内蒙古西部荒漠区棉花产量、品质及养分吸收利用的影响

Effect of sowing dates on cotton yield,fiber quality,and uptake and utilization of nutrients in Inner Mongolia west desert area,China

于2014—2015年在内蒙古自治区阿拉善盟阿拉善左旗内蒙古棉花综合实验站设置大田试验,以‘中棉所50’为材料,采用"一膜三管六行"机采棉配套栽培技术种植,研究播期(4月20日、4月30日和5月10日)对棉花产量、品质及养分吸收的影响.结果表明:随着播期推迟,棉花生育时期推迟,生育期缩短,铃期日均温降低,收获密度增加;播期显著影响棉株干物质累积、养分吸收与分配,以及产量和品质形成,4月30日播种条件下,棉株干物质和养分在经济器官中的分配比例、养分总积累量及养分的皮棉生产效率较高,籽棉和皮棉产量最高,达6505.9和2660.9 kg·hm^(-2),且纤维品质较优;4月20日播期下,收获密度、生物量和养分累积量最低,虽然生物量和养分经济系数最高,但最终籽棉和皮棉产量仍较4月30日播期降低10.9%~14.0%和11.1%~14.2%;5月10日播期,虽然可以避开种子萌发期低温冷害,但棉铃发育期日均温偏低,尽管生物量和养分累积量最高,但是生物量和养分经济系数、养分的皮棉生产效率最低,最终籽棉和皮棉产量较4月30日播期降低32.5%~34.7%和35.9%~36.2%,且纤维品质最差.综合分析,4月30日左右为内蒙古西部荒漠旱区棉花种植的最佳播期.

Field experiments were conducted in 2014 and 2015 at the ＂Inner Mongolia cotton comprehensive test station＂ （39°27′N, 105°39′ E） in Alxa Left Banner of Alxa League in Inner Mongolia. By using cotton euhivar CCRI-50 as material and the ＂6 cotton rows with 3 dripping pipes under a plastic film mulching＂ plantation pattern, different sowing dates （20-Apr, 30-Apt and 10- May） were set to study the effect of sowing dates on cotton yield, fiber quality and nutrient uptake and utilization. The results showed that as the sowing date delayed, the development of cotton plant was delayed, the yield forming stage shortened, and the mean daily temperature of boll development reduced, but the harvesting density increased. Sowing date influenced the biomass accumulation, fiber yield and fiber quality, it also influenced the absorption and distribution of N, P and K. Among the three sowing dates, the biomass distribution proportion to reproductive organ, nutrition （N, P and K） accumulation, lint production efficiency of nutrient and yield were higher in the cotton plant that was sowing at 30-Apr, the seed cotton and lint yield were the highest which could reach up to 6505.9 kg · hm-2 and 2660.9 kg · hm-2, respectively, and the fiber quality was better than that of 10-Mar. For the plant which was sowed at 20-Apr, harvesting density, biomass and nutrient accumulation were the lowest, although economic coefficients of biomass and nutrient were the highest, and the seed cotton and lint yield were respectively 10.9%-14.0% and 11.1%-14.2% lower than that of 30-Apr. When sowing at lO-May, cotton could avoid the low temperature during seed germination, but mean daily temperature during boll development were the lowest, although biomass and nutrient accumulation were the highest. The economic index, lint production efficiency of nutrient were the lowest, which leading to the poorest fiber quality, lowest seed cotton and lowest lint yield which were respectively 32.5% - 34.7% and 35.9% - 36.2% lower than that of 30-Apr. These results suggested that the optimum sowing date for cotton planting was about 30-Apr in Inner Mongolia west desert area.