牦牛适应青藏高原环境的组织解剖学研究进展

Research Progress on Adaptation on the Histology and Anatomy in Yak(Bos grunniens) in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

高寒、缺氧和牧草营养短缺是高原地区主要的生态限制因子,高原土著动物在长期的适应进化过程中形成了独特的低氧适应策略。牦牛对青藏高原低氧的适应,主要通过特定的生理、代谢及解剖学特征表现出来。近年来,随着低氧环境下从器官到细胞器水平研究的不断深入,牦牛高寒低氧适应在基因水平上的成果较多,但受分析方法和样本数量的限制,低氧适应的候选基因不尽相同,其明确的生理生化表型仍不是很确定。本文从牦牛对氧的运转和利用、高寒胁迫的适应以及应对牧草营养短缺等组织解剖学形态方面的适应性研究进行综述,以期为高原畜牧业的发展、高原动物和人群的疾病防治及揭示高原人群的生理生态适应机制提供重要的借鉴作用。

In high altitude areas, there are so many negative factors to life, especially severe cold and hypoxia. Nevertheless, the indigenous animals own a unique adaptive strategy to adapt the hypoxia condition by long time evolution. The adaptation of the yak to hypoxia in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is mainly manifested by the specific physiological, metabolic and anatomical features. Recently, many achievements have obtained on the adaption to severe cold and hypoxia at the genetic level of yak with the continuous study of the level from organ to organelle. However, the candidate genes involved in hypoxia adaptation are not the same due to the limitation of the analytical methods and the number of samples, and the specific physiological and biochemical phenotypes remain unclear. The objective of this paper was to summarize the adaptability of the yak to high attitude and hypoxia condition on morphology and anatomy of tissue, which may provide a reference for the development of highland animal husbandry, disease prevention and control, as well as reveal the mechanism about oxygen transportation and utilization, the adaption to cold stress and innutritious forage.