试论我国承认与执行外国判决的反向互惠制度的构建

The Construction of Negative Reciprocity System in the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in China

互惠原则是外国判决承认和执行中的一项重要原则。由于该原则所具有的难以克服的缺陷,近年来,许多国家的立法明确废除了该原则,或对该原则的适用施加了一定的限制或规定了例外条件。一些国家的法院在实践中很少适用该原则,或在适用该原则时采用宽松、自由的解释。我国法院一直以来都适用严格的正向互惠的做法,这不但与国际趋势背道而驰,而且会使我国法院判决的承认和执行面临越来越孤立的境地,从而不利于中国与其他国家开展经贸往来。为此,中国法院应考虑采用反向互惠制度,并通过建立报告制度以及设立信息资料库为该制度的顺利实施提供保障,为我国"走出去"战略的实施和"一带一路"倡议的推进创造有利的国际私法环境。

The reciprocity principle is very significant in the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments, but due to its deficiencies, it has been excluded in many national legislations. In some countries that still adopted such a principle, legislators have imposed many restrictions on its application or envisaged some exceptions. In judicial practice, the principle has never been used or a broad and liberal interpretation has been adopted to its use. In China the courts have always adopted a very strict approach to its use based on the factual reciprocity which will results in the recognition and enforcement of Chinese judgments in less and less countries. Therefore, the author proposes that a different approach to the reciprocity principle, namely the negative reciprocity according to which China should first presumes the existence of reciprocity between it and the rendering country, be adopted in China.