《方言》“散,杀也”疏证

A New Commentary and Annotation of “san,sha ye” in Dialects

《方言》卷三记载古齐方言"散,杀也",但是前人研究中只找到两个文献用例,且不甚妥当,不免使人生疑。文章指出,《史记·淮阴侯列传》韩信之语"何所不散"、东周齐国兵器铭文"散戈"等中的"散"都是杀伐义,齐国兵器铭文所记当然是齐方言,韩信是淮阴人(今江苏淮安),地近东齐,应该也会说东齐方言,证明训杀伐之"散"确实是古齐方言。根据出土先秦文献的用字习惯,文章又研究"散"之语源,指出训杀伐之"散"应语源于当翦灭讲的"刬"。"散"表杀义,不是一般地杀,而是全部地彻底地击杀。

The word ＂san （散）＂ in the ancient Qi dialect was annotated as ＂san, sha ye （散,杀也） ＂ （ san means kill） in Volume III of Fangyan （ 方言 ）. But only two wrongly annotated examples in ancient literature are found in the previous researches, which has aroused suspicions among academics. This article points out that the word ＂san＂ carries the meaning of ＂sha （ 杀 ） ＂ （kill） as found in remarks by Han Xin （ 韩信） ： ＂he suo bu san （何所不散）＂, which is recorded in Huaiyin Marquis＇ Biography （淮阴侯列传） in Shift （史记）, and the phrases ＂san ge （散戈）＂ recorded in the inscriptions on weapons in the Eastern Zhou dynasty. The inscriptions on weapons in the Qi State in the Eastern Zhou dynasty were naturally recorded in the ancient Qi dialect. As Han Xin came from Huaiyin, the present-day Huai＇an, which was adjacent to the East Qi, he ought to be able to speak the ancient Qi dialect. The article proves that the word ＂san＂ was from the ancient Qi dialect. Based on the habit of using characters in the pre-Qin literature, this article analyzes the derivation of the word ＂san＂ and points out that it originated from the word ＂chan （刬 ） ＂ which means annihi- late. The meaning of the word ＂san＂ is not just kill in general, but fully and totally kill.