地图空间与地名政治——清刊本《福建省会城市全图》研究

Space on the Map and Politics of the Toponym:A Case Study on Fujian Shenghui Chengshi Quantu Woodblock-Printed in Qing Period

清刊本《福建省会城市全图》的生产、流通和使用,体现了地图与社会之间的互动关系。该图绘制的原初目的,是便利保甲制度的推行,但在刊印过程中却被简化甚至廉价出售,于是关于福州城市的空间想象也逐步向社会传播。《全图》重点登载官府衙署、军事设施、礼仪文教场所等地理信息,目的不是完整地呈现城市原貌,而是为了突显其政治属性,反映出绘图者高度的价值倾向,这种空间认知模式也影响了时人对城市的理解。《全图》的地理表述既受到主流价值的主导,同样也受制于民众的空间认知结构,这主要体现于《全图》的地名表述方面。《全图》对源自民间的各种"土名",尽管采取了"视而不见""掩盖"或"一地二名"等方式,试图对草根社会的空间观进行"改造"或"收编",但是仍有一些"土名"能突破这些筛选,而在地图中得以呈现,有时甚至取代了官方标准地名的位置,构成"自下而上"地影响地图空间表述的力量。

Map is an important tool to cognize the geographical reality.The map carver creates specific＂spatial imagination＂by various＂narrative＂means.It can not only affect the spatial cognition of general public,but also is restricted by the geographical cognition structure of the specific time,and even affected by the grass-roots society.The production,circulation and use of Fujian Shenghui Chengshi Quantu（福建省会城市全图）woodblock-printed in Qing Period shows the complex interaction between map and society.The purpose of the map＇s carving was conveniently implementation of Baojia（保甲）system,but in the print process,it was simplified and even sold cheaply,so the city imagination of Fuzhou spread from the official into folk.The focus in the map were government Yamens,military facilities,etiquette and education places,and it was not intended to fully present the urban appearance,but in order to highlight the political nature,reflected the value tendency of drawing height.These affected the understanding about Fuzhou＇s space of general public.In the map,the grass-rooted toponyms（Tu Min,土 名）were ＂reformed＂and ＂incorporated＂by the ways of ignorance,cover and mutual marking.But there were still a number of grass-rooted toponyms appearing on the map,or even replacing official standard toponyms,and it influenced the spatial representation of the official map.