学理之异与议礼之争:嘉靖朝大礼议新论

Theoretical Difference and Conflict of Rite:New Analysis of Ritein Jiajing Reign

"为人后"是大礼议争端中的核心问题之一,关系到世宗的法权和族属。就此形成了以杨廷和为代表的"为孝宗后"派和以张璁为代表的"继献王嗣,继武宗统"派。"为人后"命题出自《仪礼·丧服》及《春秋》,是两派论争援引的主要依据,但两派基于此命题的取舍与分析又各不相同。杨派重视《仪礼》和《公羊传》的结合,试图以宗法和授受关系限制人主,在天子诸侯是否为宗法方面所论不全,在有无为人后方面得其要旨,在为谁后问题上抓住了授受之义,然"后孝宗"的方案有拘于伦序的牵合,在推尊献王上有教条照搬汉宋儒者倾向,忽视了经典推尊本生父母的宽容度。张派重视《礼记》和《左传》的结合,试图为人主解开宗法的束缚。在天子诸侯为宗法方面见解独到合乎经典,但试图由此推论天子诸侯不为人后则不妥。并将为人后命题斥为汉人陋说,故而独创统嗣分立之论。两派对同样文献的释读有某些共性和区别,也都回避了某些材料,在理解经典原文时各取所需。张派在推尊献王的程度上较于杨派更为合理,然降低孝宗武宗的尊称,其误与杨派降低献王之误如出一辙。由于张派开启了统嗣分立,所以在世宗要祔庙献帝时遭遇了理论上的矛盾。

＂Being the Descendant＂ is the core issue in the conflict concerning rite and related to legal right and clan of Shizong. There are two schools such as ＂Filial Piety School＂ represented by YANG Ting-he and ＂Continuity of Clan and Chivalry School＂ represented by ZHANG Cong. Proposition of ＂Being the Descen- dant＂ originates in Rite. Mourning and Spring and Autumn, which is the gist of the conflict of the two schools, but adopted differently by them. Yang School focuses on the combination of Rite and Gongyangzhuan, aiming to restrain people with law of clan and people＇ s relationship, lack of argument concerning legality of relation between emperor and feudal princes. It is good at grasping the essence of ＂Being the Descendant＂ and Being whose Descendant issue; while the plan of ＂Post Filial Piety school＂ is limited by its ethical order, respecting more the doctrines of Confucians of Han and Song Dynasty and ignoring respect for one＇ s parents. Zhang School pays attention to the combination of Rite and Zuozhuan, trying to unfasten the constraint of clan law. Their opinion concerning emperor and feudal princes abides by classic canon, emphasizing the ＂Being the De- scendant＂ relation of emperor and feudal princes, which is not proper. The interpretation of the same literature of the two schools has commonality and differences, ignoring certain material and taking original text accord- ing to their own need. Zhang School＇ s respect for Xianwang more than Yang School, but lowering the position of Wuzong of Filial Piety side, which is the same with Yang School＇ s lowering position of Xianwang. Due to the establishment of theory of Independence of governing and being the descendant. Zhang School confronts theoretical difficulty concerning the nomination of Xiandi.