线粒体与2型糖尿病的相关性研究进展

Research progress of the correlations between mitochondria and type2 diabetes mellitus

生命的本质是结构和能量的相互作用,然而,现代医学对于疾病中的能量代谢缺陷依然知之甚少。而能量主要的产生部位是在线粒体,其通过氧化呼吸链产生可供人直接利用的能量——ATP,与此同时也会产生对人体有害的活性氧。从基因角度讲,每个细胞中有成百上千个线粒体DNA拷贝,并且这些线粒体DNA编码的蛋白质组成了氧化呼吸链的一部分,是能量产生的必需基因。线粒体功能缺陷与很多疾病的发生发展相关,不同组织由于对能量需求的不同其所含线粒体的数量也不同。而当线粒体产生的能量不能够满足机体的需求时就会发生疾病,例如2型糖尿病、高血压、耳聋等。目前,2型糖尿病的发病率逐年升高,并且已有研究表明其发生发展与线粒体有关。因此,本文将主要从线粒体结构、功能、能量代谢、线粒体基因变异、线粒体单倍群等方面的改变对2型糖尿病发病风险的相关研究进行综述。

The essence of life is the interaction of structure and energy. However,in modern medicine,little is known about the defects in energy metabolism in the disease. Energy is mainly produced in mitochondrion,which generates ATP that can be used directly by the oxidation of respiratory chain and generates harmful reactive oxygen species（ ROS） at the same time. From the perspective of genes,there are hundreds of copies of mitochondrial DNA in each cell. And the mitochondrial DNA encoded proteins form part of the respiratory chain,which is essential for energy production. Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with the occurrence and development of many diseases. Different tissues differ in the number of mitochondria due to different energy requirements. When the energy which produced by mitochondria is unable to meet the needs of the body,disease will occur. For example,type 2 diabetes mellitus（ T2DM）,high blood pressure,deafness,etc. At present,the incidence of T2 DM is increasing by years,and previous research has shown that it is related to the occurrence and development of mitochondria. Therefore,this paper gives a general review of research on the risk of T2 DM from the change of the structure and function of mitochondria,energy metabolism,mitochondrial DNA variants and haplogroups.