明代地方官面对国计民生的矛盾心态及其施政实践

Between Ideal and Practice:the Composite Mind of Local Officers during the Ming Dynasty

从明代地方官的官守和行政才能来看,大抵好坏不一,长短不齐。作为官员层级序列中的地方官,必须遵循官场规则,而后达到"致君泽民"这一理想。为了"致君",地方官必须忙于"催科",更多地替"国计"着想,以便解决朝廷的财政危机;为了"泽民",地方官又必须以"抚字"为先,不得不替"民生"多做考虑,以便安定地方秩序。于是,在"国计"与"民生"之间,明代地方官不免陷入一种矛盾心态,随之而来者,则是对"民瘼"的关切,以及在施政实践中更为偏向于解决"民生"问题。

A salient feature of local officers during the Ming Dynasty was that they were confronting an inherent conflict in a way that they were charged to follow a political ideal ： be loyal to the emperor while perform on behalf of common folks. In practice,this conflict manifested in two aspects： taxes of various genres should be collected on time to fulfill their duty to em-peror ,but the concerns of common folks should be taken into account as well, since the local order would otherwise be unstable when common folks were being overtaxed. Confronted this conflict,it ended up that local officers during the Ming Dynasty wereinclined to place superiority on the interest of common folks.