大学本科教学方式的回归与创新

The Return and Innovation of Undergraduate Teaching Methods

我国高校本科教学在"大扩招"前积淀有比较成功的经验,如课程设置结构化,重视集体教研和传承,理论与实践密切结合,教学要求严格,小班教学、师生互动,高度重视毕业设计/毕业论文环节。但"大扩招"以来,我国高等教育在快速实现由精英教育向大众教育转变过程中出现了不少问题,其中本科教学问题尤为突出,如过于强调拓宽知识面和通才教育,忽视专业教育;"短平快"专业大量开设,知识结构平面化;大班授课,教学互动缺失;重科研轻教学,严重偏离高校本质要求;部分必要教学环节缺失,教学要求松懈;实践教学严重"缩水",学生的实践能力得不到有效培养等。推进我国后大众化时期本科教育的健康发展,不仅需要回归"大扩招"前的成功做法,也要立足当代经济社会和高等教育发展的要求,大胆创新和实践。在培养目标视角上,注重培养学生的社会责任意识和国际化视野;在契合大众化教育实际视角上,坚持多层次育人;在服务社会视角上,注重人才培养特色的塑造;在课堂教学视角上,高度重视学生的秉性和特点;在学生学习性投入视角上,注重综合性指标分析、院校教育过程诊断和学生学习的具体改进;在教学与科研关系视角上,注重科研为教学服务,不断开发出新课程。

China’s undergraduate education has successful experience in the ＂expansion＂before the accumulation,such as the structured curriculum,paying attention to the collective teaching and inheritance,close combination of theory and practice,strict requirements,small class teaching,teacher-student interaction,attaching great importance to the graduation design or graduation thesis. But since the big enrollment of higher education,China has rapidly transformed from elite education to the mass education,in which a lot of problems occur,including the obvious undergraduate teaching problems,such as too much emphasis on the broadening the knowledge and general education while the ignorance of professional education; the creation of a large number of short- term,ordinary and quick profession,planarization of knowledge structure,with large classes,lack of interactive teaching,emphasis on the scientific research while the ignorance of teaching,which is the serious deviation from the essential requirements of universities; lack of necessary part of teaching,without strict teaching requirements; shrink of practical teaching,lack of effective training for the practical ability of students etc. Efforts to promote the healthy development of the popularization of undergraduate education in the period of China’s successful experience,not only needs to return to the teaching mode before the big enrollment,but also needs to be bold innovation and development based on the modern economic society and the development of higher education requirements. In view of training target,the attention should be paid to the cultivation of students’ sense of social responsibility and international perspective; in view of reality of fitting for the mass education,the multi- level education should be focused; in view of serving for the sociality,the attention should be made on the building the characteristics of talent training; in the classroom teaching perspective,the nature and characteristics of students should be attached great importance to; in view of students’ investment in learning,the comprehensive index of specific improvement education process diagnosis and learning should be focused; and in view of the relationship between teaching and research,the research for the teaching service,and the constantly develop of new curriculum should be put effort to.