优质大学招生分省定额:实施现状、区域差异与优化路径

Provincial Quota System of the High Quality of Universities:Current Situation,Regional Differences and Optimization Path

优质大学主要是指拥有高等学校考试招生录取本科第一批次资格的大学。结合全国不同省份实际人口的数量,通过对2011—2015年全国不同省份考生被优质大学录取的机会差异现状以及不同省份考生2016年被北京大学或清华大学录取的难度系数的呈现,发现尽管优质大学实际录取率的省际差异总体上在不断缩小,但差异仍然较大,且基本呈现出"两极"录取差异的稳定性高于"中间"部分的显著特征。造成这种省际录取差异的原因既有科举分省定额制度的影响,又与国家优质高等教育资源的现实区域布局、教育政策以及区域经济社会发展的现实需求脱不了关系,而由此带来的一系列问题尤其是"高考移民"现象引发的教育公平问题,昭示着这一制度迫切需要改革完善。基于此,国家和地方政府应加大宏观调控力度,以消除差异为目标,通过重点扶持建设一批中西部有潜力的高校,合理分配全国优质大学的招生计划,严格控制优质大学的属地招生比例,注重新建本科高校的内涵建设和特色发展,在更大程度上缩小省际基础教育发展水平差异等多种方式,将优质大学招生名额的省际差异控制在一个合理的范围内,改变原有省际考生入学机会不平等的现状,力争在人口公平、考试公平与区域公平之间取得相对平衡,最大程度维护不同省份考生平等享受优质高等教育资源的权益。

The colleges and universities of high quality mainly refer to the college entrance examination and enrollment of colleges and universities with the first batch of qualified university. Combined with the number of different provinces with the actual population,the status difference of admission opportunities to the high quality of universities from 2011 to 2015 and the coefficient of difficult of candidates in different provinces admitted to Peking University or Tsinghua University in 2016,it is found that although the quality of college admission rate of the actual inter provincial differences in the overall is shrinking,the difference is still great. It shows that the stability of the difference between the two poles is higher than that of the middle part. The provincial admissions difference reasons are not only the influence of the imperial examination provincial quota system,but also the reality of the regional distribution of higher education,the education policy and the actual needs of regional economic and social development which cannot be separated. And a series of problems,especially the issue of educational equity caused by the phenomenon of ＂college entrance examination immigrants＂,show that the system is in urgent need of reform and improvement. Based on this,national and local governments should increase the macro- control capacity to eliminate the difference as the goal,through the key support of the construction of a number of potential colleges and universities in the Midwest,a reasonable allocation of national high-quality university enrollment plan,strictly controlling of the proportion of high quality college’s territorial enrollment,paying attention to the connotation construction and characteristic development of newly built undergraduate universities,to a large extent reducing the level of inter- provincial basic education and other means,the quality of university admissions quota inter-provincial differences in a reasonable range,to change the existing status of unequal access opportunities for the provincial candidates,and strive to achieve a relative balance among the population fairness,fairness of examination and regional fairness,and to the maximum extent to maintain the right of equal access to high-quality resources for higher education students of the different provinces.