土木工程结构试验量测技术研究进展与现状

A review on measurement technology for structural testing in civil engineering

理论分析、试验研究和数值模拟是土木工程研究的三种基本手段,其中试验研究是第一性的.目前,结构试验在作用方式上,已从传统的静态、准静态试验逐步发展到拟动力、动力试验;在空间尺度上,也从常规尺度试验向微细观材性试验和足尺结构试验拓展,从而对试验的量测技术提出了更高的要求.由于受到测量原理和硬件设备的限制,传统量测技术已无法完全满足现代结构试验的量测需求,需要传统的结构试验量测技术结合各种新兴技术进行不断完善和创新.本文总结了传统结构试验量测技术的发展现状,评述其在现代结构试验中的适用情况,并介绍了数字图像相关技术和近景摄影测量技术等新兴结构试验量测手段.其中,数字图像相关技术广泛应用于材料力学行为的测试与分析,概述其在结构试验中的应用并重点分析影响其测量精度的相关因素;近景摄影测量技术属非接触测量范畴,动态采集频率高,测量范围广,在高频动态结构试验的位移和应变测量方面有巨大潜力.

In the field of civil engineering, theoretical analysis, experimental research and numerical simulation are the three basic methods for investigation, and the experimental research is in the primacy. Nowadays, particularly in the aspect of structural testing, the static and quasi-static tests have extended to pseudo-dynamic and dynamic tests. Moreover, mesoscopic and microscopic material tests and full scale structural tests also developed significantly. A higher request is thus set on the testing measurement system. Due to the limitation of measuring principles and the equipments, traditional techniques for structural testing are unable to completely meet the measurement demands of modern structural tests, and new ideas should be improved and brought forth in combination with a variety of emerging measurement technology. This paper gives an overall review on the development and application of traditional structural testing measurement technology and also introduces new measurement instruments for digital image correlation technique and close-range photogrammetry technology. Digital image correlation technique is widely used in testing and analysis of material behavior. Its applications in structural tests and related factors affecting the measurement accuracy are summarized. Close-range photogrammetry technology is a non-contact measurement method, which has high dynamic acquisition frequency and wide measuring range. It has great potential for displacement and strain measurement of high-frequency dynamic structural tests.