论我国放射性废物管理中的政府责任

On Government Responsibility in China's Radioactive Waste Management

政府在放射性废物管理中担任政策和法律法规的起草者、行政监督管理者以及组织协调者等三种角色,其责任范围涵盖放射性废物排放、放射性废物的处理和贮存、放射性废物运输、放射性固体废物处置以及放射性废物处理和处置设施的安全保障等环节。以科学为依据是放射性废物管理的重要特征,但是科学技术的不确定性导致政府监管能力的有限性,因而政府责任必然要反映预防理念,并以前瞻性和长远性为内涵。政府责任在法律面向的表达应当着力解决两大问题:一是政府责任因受政策左右而不能在法律中得到详细规定的问题;二是放射性废物处置场所规划、放射性尾矿管理以及放射性废物可持续管理等制度中政府责任缺失的问题。

In radioactive waste management, the government acts as the drafter of policies, laws and regulations; the administrative supervisor and the organizer and coordinator; whose responsibility covers discharge, handling and storage, transportation, solid waste disposal of radioactive waste, and the treatment safety of the disposal facilities, etc. Radioactive waste management should be done on a scientific basis whereas the uncertainty of science and technology leads to the limitation of government supervision, thus the government′s role is bound to reflect the concept of prevention, and takes foresight and long-term as its connotation. Government shall strive to solve two problems with the expression of law： one is that the government role is restrained by policy and cannot get detailed provisions in law, the second is the lack of government role in the site planning of radioactive waste disposal, radioactive tailings management and sustainable management system of radioactive waste.