一体化、话语权与代议制:当代欧洲民粹现象的三维视角

Integration,Discourse and Representative Democracy:A Tri-dimensional Perspective of Contemporary Populism in Europe

随着英国"脱欧",欧盟的一体化进程出现了重大倒退,但是,当代欧盟国家的民粹危机不能简单地理解为欧洲一体化引起的不适或是全球化失意者的反抗。反一体化的民粹思潮揭示出欧洲一体化进程中严重的不平衡以及现代西方代议制民主在全球化与新媒体时代面临的严重合法性危机;具体可以归纳为三个方面:其一,欧洲一体化过程中劳资平衡的解体;其二,冷战结束后意识形态的"终结"带来了话语的贫困;其三,"欧洲一体化"造成的代议制民主下精英统治的合法性危机,而新媒体时代进一步加剧了这种精英统治的危机。这种危机的持续可能带来对代议制民主的深刻反动,既有可能使欧洲出现某种强人政治,也有可能让大众与精英在未来的政治过程中形成某种新的平衡。

Brexit is a serious setback in the process of the European integration. However,the current populist crisis in Europe cannot be narrowly ascribed to the discomfort caused by the EU integration nor to the rebellion of the 'losers' in the globalization. The anti-integration idea is a reminder of both the severe imbalance within the EU integration and the grave legitimacy crisis faced by modern Western representative democracy. There are three reasons that may explain the rising of populism in Europe,that is,the collapse of the balance in employee-employer relations,the lack of discourse due to the 'end' of ideology in the postCold War era,and the legitimacy crisis of elite rule within the system of representative democracy resulted from the EU integration and worsened by the new media era. The ongoing crisis may either result in the emergence of a certain strong-man rule in Europe or in a new balance between the public and elite in the future political process.