5～6岁幼儿认知灵活性的发展特征与个体差异

Research on the Developmental Feature and Individual Differences of 5 to 6 Years Old Children's Cognitive Flexibility

认知灵活性是适应不断变化的任务或问题的能力。它不仅是一种重要的认知能力,而且是创造性的认知核心。本研究采用灵活选择任务(FIST)对103名5~6岁幼儿进行了一对一测试,结果表明:(1)5~6岁幼儿认知灵活性发展总体水平偏低。在认知灵活性任务的12对正式测试中,被试幼儿平均完成4对,且82.9%的幼儿得分在总分的一半及以下,未能完成任务的主要原因(错误类型)有"不相关反应""分类对但理由错""不反应"等,其中"分类对但理由错"是5~6岁幼儿身上出现的一种新的错误类型。(2)5~6岁幼儿在认知灵活性正式测试中未呈现显著的年龄差异,但个体差异显著。这一方面表现在各年龄组幼儿认知灵活性得分的个体间差距极大,另一方面表现在各年龄组幼儿认知灵活性成绩分布均差异显著,不仅各分值上均分布有一定比例幼儿,且分值最集中的比例均在30%以下。(3)女孩的认知灵活性平均得分显著高于男孩。在倡导儿童早期发展结果监测的国际大趋势下,有待加强幼儿认知灵活性的发展监测,同时幼儿园与家庭应加强幼儿认知灵活性的培养,依据其发展的个体差异与早期差距提供个性化支持。

Cognitive flexibility is the ability to adapt to changing tasks and problems. It is not only a very important cognitive ability but also the cognitive core of creativity. This study tested 103 5-6-year-old children＇s cognitive flexibility one by one with the FIST task. The results showed that： （1） the total develop mental level of 5-6-year-old children＇s cognitive flexibility was low. First, the average score was 4 among 12 in total, and 82.9% children＇s scores under half. The main types of mistakes they made included Non-relevant Response （sorting in irrelevant dimensions）, Correct-sorting with Wrong Reasons, No Re- sponse （saying there was no choice ）. The type of Correct-sorting with Wrong Reasons was a new mistake occurring in 5-6-year-old children; （2） there was no significant differences between 5 to 6 years old, but there was significant individual differences on 5-6-year-old children＇s cognitive flexibility. On the one hand, each age group （the 5 and 6 years old group, the 5 years old group and the 6 years old group） had a large achievement gap between the highest score and the lowest score. On the other hand, their achieving scores scattered greatly; （3） girls scored significantly higher than boys on cognitive flexibility. It is urgent to nurture 5-6-year-old children＇s cognitive flexibility and provide individualized learning support according to their individual differences and achievement gap. And it is also necessary to monitor children＇s cognitive flexibility development with the global trend of monitoring child development and outcomes in early childhood education and care.