奈良·平安前期日本与新罗使、渤海使之间的汉诗交流——从分韵诗到次韵诗

Chinese Poetry Communication among Japan and Silla,Bohai Ambassadors in Nara and the Early Heian Period

奈良、平安前期,日本在东亚复杂的政治环境中经营着与新罗、渤海的外交关系。外交场合上,由于语言相异,除正式的汉文文书以外,汉诗也是重要的信息交流媒介。8世纪初,日本官吏在接待新罗使时使用的汉诗形式为分韵诗,而9世纪后叶与渤海使酬答时则采用次韵诗的形式。针对这一现象,可从当时中国汉诗文学的特征和日本外交史出发来探究其原因。分韵诗诞生于中国六朝宫廷文学,于初唐宫廷再次流行,其创作行为具有政治等级色彩。而8世纪初叶正是日本"小帝国"意识增强的时期,分韵诗的创作可谓体现了日本对新罗的宗主国意识。另外,次韵诗由中唐白居易文学集团兴起,以切磋诗技、增进友情为目的,诗人间的关系较为平等。日本与渤海自8世纪后半期起建立了主要以和平通商为目的的外交关系,使用次韵诗与渤海使唱和深受这一政治背景的影响。此外,日本政府采用当时中国流行的诗歌形式,其目的还在于彰显本国文化的发达程度。

In the midst of the complicated East Asian political environment of the Nara and early Heian periods, the Japanese government established diplomatic relations with Silla and Bohai. With the exception of the official Chinese documents, Chinese poetry also played an important role in the diplomacy between the two countries. However, from the literature style early in the 8th century, we can see that Japanese officials used Fenyun for the re- ception, whereas Bohai officials used Ciyun for the reward. So we can explore the reasons from the characteristics of Chinese literary and diplomatic history of Japan. The Fenyun o- riginated from Chinese Six Dynasties Palace literature, was popular in the early Tang Dy- nasty Palace. And connotations of a political class consciousness can clearly be seen in the form of Fenyun poetry. With growing aspirations of empire, Japan＇s use of Fenyun with Silla reflected its view of Silla as a subordinate nation. In addition, The Ciyun style of po- etry created by Bai Juyi and his contemporaries, refined techniques of poetry with the aim of deepening friendship and thus created comparatively equal relationships between poets. As a result, we can find that Japan and Bohai had established the peaceful diplomatic relation- ship from the late 8th century. The adoption of a popular Chinese literature trend of that time also highlights how the Japanese government used it to appeal to its own sense of cultural development.