毒品成瘾者戒毒-复吸过程中的社会支持研究

RESEARCH OF SOCIAL SUPPORT FOR DRUG ADDICTS DURING RECOVERY AND RELAPSE

大量毒品成瘾者在被强制隔离戒毒所释放后面临着高复吸率,且通常身体状况较差,需要额外的护理和资源帮助。国内外诸多实证研究针对毒品成瘾者难以戒断的原因进行了考察,结果证明缺乏社会支持是吸毒者复吸、难以戒断的重要原因,而积极的社会支持对帮助其消除或减缓成瘾行为具有重要作用。那么当下国内毒品成瘾者在戒毒经历中关于社会支持的日常体验如何?其对社会支持的认知和获取能力如何?什么社会支持在其感知中非常需要?而目前国内对毒品成瘾者的社会支持研究仍然非常匮乏,尤其是深入的质性研究。本文正是采取质性研究的方法,通过对其在戒毒经历中关于社会支持的日常体验、个人对社会支持的认知能力和需要的考察,发现:(1)大多毒品成瘾者在戒毒过程中体验到的社会支持是微弱的,匮乏的,尤其是来自当地政府、社区、医疗机构的支持,支持结构单一,而社会排斥、歧视和污名的经历却是普遍的;(2)他们对社会支持的认知程度非常低,并倾向于把责任"个体化"(Individualized),尤其是年轻的毒品成瘾者;(3)六个方面的社会支持对毒品成瘾人群减缓复吸/戒断具有重要意义;(4)多元的支持结构更有助于成瘾者戒断。本研究为更好的理解和测量毒品成瘾者这一特定群体所需的社会支持提供了一个概念框架,同时也对官方或非官方机构的介入工作具有一定的指导意义。

Most drug addicts are faced with a high relapse rate after being released from compulsory isolated detoxification centers in Asian countries,and their physical conditions are usually poor. In fact,they are in great need of support such as extra care and resources. Many empirical studies both from home and abroad have investigated reasons why it is relatively difficult for drug users to achieve total withdrawal. Evidence provided by the studies have proved that lack of social support is a significant reason which causes drug users＇ relapse and difficulties in drug withdrawal,while positive social support is helpful for them to recover or to reduce the frequency of relapse. Therefore,the following questions are worthy of our attention. How is the condition of social support for drug addicts in China？ How do drug users think of supports and how about their abilities to obtain supports？ More importantly,what kinds of social support are more necessary for them as far as they are concerned？ However,there are few in-depth studies about drug users＇ social support,especially a lack of in-depth qualitative research in this field. This paper is to adopt exactly the qualitative research method to investigate the daily experience of the group and their perception of social support in their withdrawal period,and it is found that： 1） most drug addicts ＇ experience of social support is scarce and limited,especially the support from local governments,communities,and medical institutions,yet they are universally faced by social exclusion,discrimination and stigma; 2） their awareness related to social support is at quite a low level,and additionally,they are inclined to take the responsibilities of recovering as completely their own,especially for young drug users; 3） six aspects of social support are critical for this group of people; 4）multiple support structure is essential to help them recover and avoid possible harm to them. This research provides a conceptual framework to achieve a better understanding and measurement of social support that drug addicts strongly need,and it also gives some suggestions to the official or unofficial for their relevant work.