3Mulryan, C. M, (1995), Fifth and sixth grader s involvement and participation in cooperative small groups in mathematics. The Elementary School Journal. 95. 297-310.
4Kennedy. E. (1992). A multilevel study of elementary male Black students and White students, Journal of Educational Research. 86.105-110
5McManus. S. M. & Gettinger, M. (1996). Teacher and student evaluation of cooperative tearning and observed interactive behsviors. Journal of Educational Research, 90,13-22.
6Tester, A.&Campbel], J, (1982). A self-evaluation maintenance approach to school behavior.Educational Psychologist, 17 1-13.
7Flowers, J. V. (1991). A behavloural method of increasing self-confidence in elementary school children: Treatment and modelling results. British Journal of Educational Psychology. 61. 13-18.
8裴娣挪.发展性教学论[M].沈阳:辽宁人民出版社,1998.16.
9Aatin. A. W. (1984). Studenl involvement: A developmenlal theory for higher education. Journal of College Student Personnel. 25, 297-308.