萨哈(雅库特)共和国水文地理特征分析

Analysis of hydrology and geographical characteristics of Yakutia

水利工程设施的设计和建造中需要进行水文调查研究,通过研究水文地理特征有助于进一步了解萨哈(雅库特)共和国的水文地理现象。本文对萨哈(雅库特)共和国在气候特征、植被特征、地形特征以及水文特征四个方面进行了分析。指出:(1)萨哈(雅库特)共和国气候的主要特征如下为大陆性气候显著,温差大(温差可达100℃)、降水少、空气湿度低,这种气候特征在夏季表现得尤为明显;(2)萨哈(雅库特)共和国植物种类繁多,但是植被资源分布南多北少,植被类型可分为林地植物和草原植物;(3)萨哈(雅库特)共和国地貌复杂多样,境内三分之二左右的面积为山地和高原,仅三分之一左右的面积是低地地貌;(4)萨哈(雅库特)共和国河流湖泊众多。其主要特征为河流自然气候条件较恶劣,存在永冻土,影响供水系统和年度流量分布的物理-地理因素和地质因素呈现多样性,低地地带湖泊分布广泛,对地表水流量产生负面影响。河流流域的分布受到纬度和地势的影响且河流密度不规则。

It is necessary to research and study hydrology for the design and construction of low head waterworks facilities. Studying the hydrology and geographical characteristics of Yakutia can help further understand its hydrology and geographical phenomenon. The paper analyzes the characteristics of climate, vegetation, topography and hydrology of Yakutia. It points out： （1）The main features of Yakutian climate are as follows, climate is sharp continental one, there are large amplitudes of air temperature fluctuation, reaching up to 100 ℃, small amount of precipitations and lack of air humidity, especially in summer; （2） There are all kinds of plant in Yakutia. However, the distribution of vegetation resources is much in the south and lack in the north. The vegetation types can be divided into woodland and grassland plants; （3） The relief of Yakutia is diverse and complex. About two-thirds of the area is mountains and plateaus, and only about a third area is lowlands; QYakutia has lots of rivers and lakes. The main features of the rivers and lakes are： severe natural-climatic conditions; presence of permafrost; diversity of physical- geographical and geological factors that influence the water supply regime and annual flowing distribution. The wide spread of lakes in lowlands, has in general a negative impact on the volume of surface water flow. Distribution of river flows is influenced by latitudinal and terrain elevation and density of river is irregular.