氢弹与美苏关系的平衡——美苏两国氢弹研制中的“超级”与“分层”的对抗

H-Bombs and Balance of US-Soviet Relations——Development of “Super” and “Layered” H-Bombs in USA and USSR

1945年8月美国在日本广岛和长崎投掷原子弹后,美苏两国在氢弹的研制领域便展开了竞争。从美国方面来看,原子弹的研制成功使其思想产生松懈,再加上其核物理学家的内部分歧以及对苏联科学界能力估计的严重不足,一度使得泰勒的"超级"热核弹即氢弹研究陷入停滞;而苏联方面,政府高度重视氢弹研究并为其提供各种便利,苏联科学家具有高超智力和奉献精神,1949年8月29日苏联第一颗原子弹试验成功,打破了美国的核垄断。这使得泰勒的"超级"设计重新得到重视,1952年11月1日,美国成功进行了第一次氢弹试验。而苏联萨哈罗夫提出的氢弹"分层"结构设想,使氢弹的研究于1953年8月12日同样也取得了成功。美苏两国氢弹研制的历史对两国关系及其战略力量的平衡都产生了重大影响。

After the USA dropped atomic bombs on Japan＇s Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union began a competition in the development of H-bombs. In America, the pride in success in atomic bomb development, plus the different opinions among nuclear physicists and wrong assessment for the ability of the Soviet scientific community worked together to cease the research on Edward Teller＇ s ＂super＂ thermonuclear bomb, namely, H-bomb. On the other hand, the Soviet Union government attached great importance and offered all sorts of conveniences to the H-bomb re- search, and the Soviet scientists demonstrated superb intelligence and dedication. On August 29, 1949, the Soviet Union a- chieved success in its first atomic bomb test, thus putting an end to the US nuclear monopoly. Teller＇ s ＂ super＂ design gained attention again, and on November 1, 1952, the first H-bomb test was successfully carried out in USA. Again, A. D. Sakharov in USSR advanced his idea of H-bomb ＂layered＂ structure, and on August 12, 1953 the H-bomb research in the Soviet Union proved a success. The history of H-bomb development in the USA and USSR cast huge impact on the balance of both the relations and the strategic forces between the two countries.